AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'hydrogen'

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Effects of Renewable Natural Gas and Hydrogen on Microbially Influenced Corrosion and Souring in Underground Gas Storage

Product Number: 51324-21146-SG

Author: Scott Leleika; Taylor Rambo; Tekle Fida

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A bench scale laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the microbial corrosion and souring effects renewable natural gas (RNG) and natural gas amended with hydrogen have on underground gas storage systems. Steel coupon-containing vials inoculated with produced fluid from an underground storage well were subject to different headspace conditions to simulate underground gas storage. The vials were filled with geologic natural gas, geologic natural gas amended with hydrogen, RNG, and RNG amended with hydrogen. Each condition was subject to molecular (qPCR, and 16S rRNA analysis), liquid chemistry (sulfate and volatile fatty acid), corrosion, and headspace chemistry (major components and trace sulfur) analysis in duplicate at three time points. The results showed that levels of sulfide production, microbial community composition, and coupon mass loss did not differ greatly between the natural gas and RNG conditions. However, the presence of hydrogen did increase the levels of sulfide in both geologic and RNG conditions. There was also evidence of significant biotransformation of hydrogen into an organic acid (formate). This experiment has shown that microbes native to underground storage wells could have an impact on gas quality and corrosion (via hydrogen sulfide production) if hydrogen is introduced.

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Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Different Line Pipe Grade Steels in Gaseous H2 Environment

Product Number: 51324-21101-SG

Author: Milan Agnani; Chris San Marchi; Joseph Ronevich

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The existing natural gas (NG) pipeline network is being considered to transport pure gaseous hydrogen (GH2) or blends of NG and GH2 for domestic and industrial energy needs, in an effort to reduce global CO2 emissions. The toughness and ductility of ferritic steels are reduced in the presence of GH2. In order to assess the viability of GH2 gas distribution via NG pipeline networks, it is necessary to understand the fatigue and fracture response of the materials in the network, including the various pipeline steels. Hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth (FCG) and fracture behavior of five different modern line pipe grade steels (X52, X70, X80, X100, and X120) were evaluated in high-purity GH2 at pressure of 210 bar, where the tensile strength increases with grade, X120 displaying the highest strength. The X52 and X70 steels feature ferrite with small amounts of pearlite in the microstructure. The X80 steel has a combination of polygonal and acicular ferrite, whereas the X100 and X120 steels contain fine ferritic and bainitic microstructures. The different pipeline steels exhibit similar accelerated FCG rates in the presence of GH2, irrespective of the strength and microstructural constituents. A significant reduction in the fracture resistance is observed for all the steels in GH2 as compared to air, although elastic-plastic fracture (J-R) behavior is maintained in GH2. Contrary to FCG rates, hydrogen-assisted fracture is affected by the microstructure and strength of the steel; higher strength steels exhibit lower fracture resistance and lower tearing modulus, analogous to the generally expected trends in air. Selected fracture surfaces are analyzed to rationalize the influence of microstructure and strength on hydrogen-assisted fracture of this class of steels.

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Feasibility Journey - Feasibility of Repurposing Existing Natural Gas Network to Transport Hydrogen - Natural Gas Blends at the Distribution Level

Product Number: 51324-20936-SG

Author: Saba N. Esmaeely; Shane Finneran; Andrew Cummings; Daan Jonas Hottentot Cederløf ; Sander Gersen

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Decarbonization of energy systems requires transitioning existing energy systems to use with low carbon sources. As part of such transitions, existing natural gas networks are being evaluated for compatibility with transporting hydrogen – natural gas (H2 – NG) blends, as a steppingstone to potentially transport 100% hydrogen. Utilizing the existing networks provides opportunities for time and cost-efficient transitions overcoming the high cost of, and public resistance to, building new infrastructures. A comprehensive, system-wide assessment of existing infrastructure is the first step in determining the feasibility of such transitions, from both technical and safety aspects. Such an assessment should consider the potential challenges that are generally recognized with hydrogen or hydrogen - natural gas blends and evaluate potential impacts on the materials, operational, and safety and system performance characteristics of the systems. A thorough assessment should encompass a study of the entire network including the feasibility from multiple facets in order to provide an acceptable range of H2 concentration (H2%) to be safely blended with natural gas without substantial modification to the existing infrastructure. This should include the compatibility of the material and equipment throughout the entire network with H2, considering material interaction, system integrity, process and performance, equipment accuracy and functionality, chemical compatibility, storage and handling, and customer (i.e., end-use) compatibility. The current paper portrays the steps and challenges that should be considered in the feasibility assessment of each material population, end use and equipment population at the distribution level.

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Hydrogen Charging Of Armco Iron And L80 Steel In Various Electrolytes

Product Number: 51322-17604-SG

Author: M. Eichinger, M. Truschner, D. Zwittnig, A. Trautmann, G. Mori

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Facing the increasing industrial requirements on iron and steel products the importance of investigating hydrogen embrittlement has been rising straightly since Johnson first described the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of iron and steel in 1874⁠. Since this day a lot of effort has been done on understanding and describing the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement and how absorbed hydrogen performs in materials.

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Hydrogen Cracks in Belgian Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessels: Five Years After Their Discovery

Product Number: 51317--9457-SG

ISBN: 9457 2017 CP

Author: Walter Bogaerts

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Elaborates on some reported findings and identifies possible mechanisms and risks for further growth of defects in the reactor pressure vessel walls in the Belgian nuclear power reactors Doel 3 and Tihange 2 – which were restarted in 2015 after inspection found “thousands” of “hydrogen flaws”.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit

Product Number: 513020-14357-SG

Author: Siew Leong Wai, Rajaram Chidambaram, John Richert, Jorge Perdomo

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

An unexpected failure of 316L Stainless Steel instrument tubing occurred in a high pressure Hydroprocessing unit resulting in a shutdown of the unit. The tubing system consisted of a compression type fitting commonly used in instrument systems and had only been in service for 3 years when the failure occurred. The failed tubing samples were removed for metallurgical analysis and determination of damage mechanism.

Metallurgical analysis and finite element analysis of the tubing identified excessive cold working leading to hydrogen embrittlement as the primary mode of failure. This paper details the investigation into the failure to arrive at the root cause and the preventive measures adopted to assess the installed population of tubing in similar service.

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In-Situ Observation Of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Initiation Site In Linepipe Steels

Product Number: 51322-17816-SG

Author: Taishi Fujishiro, Kyono Yasuda, Takuya Hara, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Eiji Tada, Mitsuo Kimura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, oil country tubular goods or line pipes are exposed to wet H2S environments (sour environments) in some cases. The presence of H2S in the sour environment enhances hydrogen entry into the steel due to the catalytic action of H2S. The absorbed hydrogen enhanced by H2S affects hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is a hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon observed in sour conditions.

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Mechanical Tests on a Vintage API 5L Grade X52 Linepipe Steel under Gaseous and Cathodic H2 Environment

Product Number: 51324-20904-SG

Author: M. Palombo; F. Recanzone; D. Morando; I. Milano; F. Catalano

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In this period of transition, attention to the environment and clean sources of energy are topics that are acquiring increasing interest. With particular reference to the energy industry, hydrogen is becoming the ideal candidate for the replacement of fossil fuels. The distribution of hydrogen is forced to be conducted through the usage of the existing net of pipelines; therefore, using pipes fabricated in different periods (from 1970 up to present). This means, the prediction of the behavior of the pipeline steel under H2 charging (gaseous or cathodic) is not easy and requires a big specific effort to be performed. Therefore, in this work a vintage API 5L grade X52 pipe fabricated in 1970 was characterized both under cathodic and gaseous hydrogen environment; a comparison between mechanical tests with in situ H2 charging was compared with results obtained from KIH test in gaseous hydrogen at 80 bar and a complete picture of the behavior of the material was obtained. Furthermore, the results obtained from slow strain rate tests on notched specimens up to 1500 bar are presented and discussed.

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On the applicability of welded J55 line pipe steel for underground hydrogen storage

Product Number: 51323-19131-SG

Author: Bernd Loder, Gregor Mori, Jürgen Klarner, Michael Fiedler, Thomas Willidal

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosive environmental media may lead to a significant degradation of the mechanical properties of the materials. Individual experimental investigation and analysis concepts are available at the Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry for the evaluation of different materials under pressurized hydrogen. Hydrogen technologies will enable decarbonization.

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Quantifying Effect of Hydrogen and Sulfur in Mitigating Free Fatty Acid Corrosion in Renewable Diesel Applications

Product Number: 51324-20864-SG

Author: Sridhar Srinivasan; Winston Robbins; Gerrit Buchheim

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Production of Renewable Diesel (RD) and Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) from bio / natural oils has seen significant investment in recent years, stemming from worldwide government mandated need to reduce fossil fuel CO2 emissions. New investments have occurred in retrofitting / adapting existing refinery hydroprocessing infrastructure to process natural oils or coprocess natural oils blended with crudes to produce RD and SAF. This stems from the fact that natural oils have the hydrocarbon (HC) structures to fit within the mid-distillate fuel product such as diesel and aviation fuel as well as that these processes are optimized for removal of unwanted Sulfur and Oxygen removal. In Corrosion/2023, the authors introduced a molecular mechanistic model to quantify FFA corrosion as a function of temperature and FFA concentration. This model exploited the similarity of FFA to carboxylic acids, akin to naphthenic acids found in conventional refinery crude unit process streams, especially in case of unsaturated FFA. A key aspect of modeling corrosion for FFA is the inhibitive role of hydrogen in the presence of Iron sulfide species. While natural oils do not contain sulfur compounds, presence of reactive sulfur species such as thiols and sulfides in coprocessing applications provides an easy pathway to provide for the formation of a potentially protective nano barrier layer of FeS. Further, the presence of FeS acts as a catalyst towards dissociation of molecular H2 to atomic H and subsequent reduction of FFA through atomic hydrogen. A threshold H2 partial pressure is required to ensure hydrogen reduction of FFA is kinetically dominant when compared to acid corrosion of Fe. Residence time of acid is another key parameter that will impact propensity for corrosion and / or H2 inhibition and is considered in the development of the prediction model. A framework incorporating the effects of H2 partial pressure, residence time and reactive S concentration is proposed for assessing FFA corrosion for various commonly utilized natural oils in renewable applications.

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Reformer Pigtail Degradation Over 49 Years’ Service: A Case Study

Product Number: MECC23-20234-SG

Author: Ratnakar Kadikar, Abdulrahman Alrumaidh

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In Jan 2023, during reformer shutdown; one of the reformer inspections revealed cracks at hot collector and pigtail. Most of the cracks were on the surface and some of the cracks were through. Pigtail sample was removed, and it was taken for failure investigation to confirm the failure root cause.

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Results and Relation to Deformation Mechanisms for SSRT Testing of Austenitic Stainless in Hydrogen Gas

Product Number: 51324-20659-SG

Author: Ulf H Kivisäkk; Ulrika Borggren; Raveendra Siriki

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The use of Hydrogen as a fuel is widely discussed today with stainless steels able to be used for tubing and as fittings in various systems. The application areas vary from tubing and fittings in vehicles, filling stations, production or storages facilities. In all applications resistance against hydrogen embrittlement is a key prerequisite. Earlier the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement of three austenitic stainless steels tested by different SSRT methods has been reported: electrochemical charged, thermal pre-charged and in situ testing in 85 to 87.5 MPa hydrogen gas at -40°C. The low nickel versions of UNS S31603 experienced brittle fracture whereas the high nickel version of UNS S31603 as well as UNS S31675 had ductile fractures. The appearance of the fracture surface in SEM indicates that all test methods promote ingress of hydrogen to the center of the specimen. In this work, study of the deformation mechanisms has been performed by EBSD obtained 5 mm from the fracture. The study reveals that the low nickel version of UNS S31603 experiences formation of deformation induced martensite, the high nickel version of UNS S31603 shows no martensite but produces twinning. UNS S31675 which has a small grain size shows no formation of martensite and only small degree of twinning. The deformation structures are discussed with respect to the outcome of the SSRT-testing and austenite stability.

Products tagged with 'hydrogen'

Association for Materials Protection and Performance