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NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 document part 2 provides material requirements for selecting cast irons and low-alloy steels for sour environments.1 Figure 1 is reproduced from this standard and describes different regions of environmental severity for Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC): service in region 0 being the least susceptible to cracking, even for very sensitive materials, and region 3 being the worst.
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Hard spot cracking is a type of sulfide stress cracking (SSC), which is a common type of HydrogenEmbrittlement (HE). The embrittlement by SSC is attributed to the hydrogen atoms (H+), as corrosion byproduct, that permeate/diffuse through the metal with the presence of H2S. Then, when hydrogen atoms get entrapped at specific microstructural configurations, material ductility will be impaired and material will be embrittled [2].
New axially loaded full ring test method which was developed and demonstrated to combine the benefits of retaining a full as-welded pipe pup-piece, permitting single-sided exposure, with the advantage of tensile loading of the complete tubular specimen.
Martensitic stainless steel (MSS) well tubulars are favorable due to their high strength and relatively low cost and are therefore widely applied in the Oil & Gas industry. This is especially the case for 13Cr and Super13Cr grades, which are often selected for mildly sour gas fields, where a relatively low content of H2S is present. When selecting martensitic stainless steels for sour service, the susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC), determined by standard laboratory tests, are the most important selection criteria.