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CO2 Transport and Injection, Effect of Impurities, Understanding of Reactions and Consequences

Product Number: 51323-18756-SG

Author: J. Sonke, Y. Zheng

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The effect of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere on temperature has been known for a long time. Although an increase in CO2 concentration has been observed since the 1960s, a clear change in trend of global temperature increase can be observed from around the 1990s. CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is a mature technology available to reduce emissions from large scale fossil-based energy and industry sources. Sufficient geological storage is available for these sources. Mitigation of CO2 emissions via CCS has been identified as crucial to limit global warming.3 In recent years a significant increase in CCS projects have been proposed and initiated.

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Coating Condition Surveys

Product Number: 51324-20828-SG

Author: Griffin Collins; Cortney Chalifoux

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A coating maintenance strategy for aging military infrastructure and utilities systems is vital for the long-term performance of the asset. Integrity maintenance plans can enhance risk mitigation and mitigate costly environmental impacts. No well-developed maintenance strategy is complete without the implementation of periodic coating inspection and assessments, collectively referred to as Coating Condition Surveys (CCS), guided by United Facilities Criteria (UFC) and United Facilities Guide Specifications (UFGS). Regularly scheduled CCSs provide key information that not only helps owners better understand their assets, but also help engineers, specifiers, coatings applicators, and inspectors better perform their roles in corrosion mitigation. Additionally, the information provided by a CCS aids owners in making budgeting decisions for maintenance, helps designers plan for future repairs and inspections, and provides coatings contractors a clear understanding of the repairs necessary to extend the service life of an asset. This discussion will outline methods involved in performing on-site inspections and highlight the necessity of on-site inspections in corrosion mitigation. While this discussion will focus on inspection and repair strategies for existing coatings on steel substrates, the strategies outlined can be applied to enhance maintenance strategies of all infrastructure subject to corrosion.

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Coating Conductance Characterization Using Trenchless Crossing Data

Product Number: 51324-21037-SG

Author: Daniel Fingas

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Coating resistance or conductance values are critical input parameters for the accurate modelling and design of AC mitigation and cathodic protection (CP) systems for pipelines. However, there are relatively few sources for real-world coating resistance values in the literature. To attempt to fill this gap, data from coating quality tests performed on thousands of trenchless pipeline installations was used to characterize the coating resistance of new, primarily fusion bonded epoxy (FBE)-coated pipelines. The tests assess damage incurred as part of the trenchless installations and cover the full range from pristine coating to significant scratches with bare metal. This allows the dataset to provide insight into both a baseline for open-trench coating quality and a range of practical coating qualities for trenchless installations. It was found that specific coating resistance values varied from less than 100 O·m2 to >1 MO·m2 but that there was no specific threshold that could be associated with pristine FBE coating. However, the data clearly validated the ‘300 mV shift’ design guideline for CP systems, which also demonstrates the link between CP current requirement and coating quality. Considering this, the implication of requiring a certain current density irrespective of coating quality is illustrated.

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Coating Failures By Design

Product Number: 51322-18164-SG

Author: Leonard Phelps, Ralf Leistikow

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Although the form and function of a well-designed building are important, it is the long-term performance and durability of a building and its components that will be important to the owner(s) and occupants. Therefore, during the design of buildings, the selection of the appropriate materials and understanding the long-term performance of the specified materials exposed to various site-specific environmental conditions is critical in avoiding the potential “failure by design”. The case study presented will focus on the coating failure by design, that could have been avoided by the original design and construction team and resulted in costly litigation and eventually the complete removal of a key architectural element on two high-rise condominium buildings located along the Florida coastline

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Coating the Way to a Hydrogen Economy: Challenges Ahead

Product Number: MECC23-19939-SG

Author: Amal Al-Borno; Henry Pedraza; Jeffrey Rogozinski; Jigar K. Mistry

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The increasing demand for energy has brought a pressing need to reduce our reliance on regular fossil fuels as they are a primary source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The continued use of these fuels has resulted in an anthropogenic based increase in global warming, climate change, and other environmental challenges. To tackle these issues, it is essential to shift towards alternative sources of energy that are renewable and sustainable, and that can provide a pathway to stated decarbonization goals.

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Coatings To Regulate Scaling In Geothermal Applications

Product Number: 51322-17547-SG

Author: Alexandre Sabard, Shiladitya Paul, Briony Holmes, Namrata Kale, Paolo Taddei Pardelli, Claretta Tempesti, Andrea Mannelli, Ural Halaçoğlu, Hakan Alp Sahiller, Raziye Şengün, Sylvie Rouge, Nadia Caney, Andri Stefansson, Per Kjellgren, , Jan Přikryl, Volkan Ediger, Gokhan Kirkil

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Geothermal Energy is currently engineered as an “always on” baseload supply, due to the limited flexibility to throttle the well without scaling and fatigue issues, and it is engineered for maximal efficiency at this output level. Scaling is a major problem in geothermal plants, particularly in cases where the geothermal fluid composition and plant operation make it difficult to control scaling. In such areas, particularly where scale inhibitors cannot be employed, the formation of scales can make the process less efficient and in extreme cases can lead to unexpected shutdown.

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Cobalt/Chromium Carbide Composite Coatings Applied By Brush Plating For Use As An Alternative To Hard Chrome

Product Number: 51322-18228-SG

Author: Joshua D. Thomas, Danijela Milosevic-Popovich

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the war on corrosion and wear, maintenance repair engineers will be hard pressed to find a plating material as strong as chrome. It has high hardness, high lubricity, low wear resistance, and maintains some of its hardness even after being exposed to high temperatures. However, there’s increasing pressure to find an alternative to this material due to the worker safety and environmental issues it presents. Regularly, hard chrome is electroplated where it is needed using a plating solution containing chromium trioxide. Chromium trioxide is registered with both REACH⁽¹⁾ and the EPA⁽²⁾ as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic.

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Coke Drum Weld Design for Better Fatigue Performance

Product Number: 51323-19182-SG

Author: Haixia Guo, Frank Vacha, Sunil Nayar, Mark Odegard, Enzo Falo, Simon Yuen

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Delayed coking process is one of the major process technologies used for breaking down the heavy, long chain hydrocarbon molecules of the residual oil into shorter coker gas oil (and petroleum coke as by-product). Severe cyclic operating conditions are involved in these units. The main vessels, coke drums, are exposed to multiple damage mechanisms, as summarized in API 934G and J.

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Cold Spray for Repair of Nuclear Reactor System Components

Product Number: ED22-17267-SG

Author: Catherine Cmar, Michael Ickes, Arash Parsi

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Supersonic particle deposition also known as cold dynamic gas spray, or “Cold Spray” is a materials deposition process. During the cold spray process a gas stream, typically helium or nitrogen, is split into two streams where 90% of the gas is sent to an electric heater and 10% is sent to a powder feeder. The powder feeder contains powder composed of small metallic particles, or blends of metallic and non-metallic particles, ranging from 5 to 100 μm in size.

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Cold Work Qualification Of UNS N08935 For Use In Chloride And Sour Environment

Product Number: 51322-18080-SG

Author: Karen Picker, Luiza Esteves, Marcelo Senatore

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

UNS N08935 is a new versatile super austenitic alloy with extreme pitting resistance as indicated by its pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) of 52. It can be used in a broader temperature range than superduplex and hyperduplex stainless steels, offers good weldability and is more cost-effective than Nickel-based materials which make the grade a good candidate for O&G applications, refineries, and chemical industries.^1,2

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Cold-Spray Application For In-Field Corrosion And Damage Repair

Product Number: 51323-19086-SG

Author: Joshua P. James

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The need for corrosion mitigation and repair is a perennial concern for a wide array of industries. An attractive evolution in coatings application for mitigating the effects of environmental/operational degradation is cold spray of metallic replacement layers. As cold spray technologies continue to become more commonplace, portable, low-pressure cold spray systems presents an opportunity to bring metallic repair to the field for heavily damaged or corroded assets.

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Combatting Corrosion in Gas Sweetening Processes: Insight from Amine Treatment Case Studies

Product Number: 51324-21052-SG

Author: Abdullah M. Alratoee; Ibrahim A. Albrahim; Ricardo S. Costa; Sayee Raghunathan

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Amine solutions have been widely used to remove acid gases at gas treatment units found in gas plants, refineries and other facilities. Corrosion is always a challenge for these units, particularly for carbon steel equipment or piping that are processing hot amines. Amines are noncorrosive by nature. However, once acid gases are dissolved in amines, they act as strong electrolytes, which significantly increase the susceptibly of carbon steel components to corrode. Temperature, acid gas loading, velocity, and degradation products are the primary factors that influence amine corrosion. This paper presents Saudi Aramco experience with corrosion challenges encountered in hot diethylene glycol amine (DGA) piping circuits and equipment. Corrosion was identified at two locations which are the rich amine inlet piping to stripper and the stripper column. The paper also details the adequate corrosion control measures to reduce the corrosion risk and ensure asset integrity. Furthermore, the paper discusses the maximum recommended temperature limit for rich amine streams, derived from hands-on experience and an in-house built corrosion prediction model. The results and conclusions provide valuable insights, offering a clear path forward for addressing corrosion challenges in similar amine systems and fostering a safer and more efficient operation.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance