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Resistance of U-bend and Integral Finned Duplex Stainless Steel UNS-S32205 and UNS-S32750 to Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking

Product Number: 51322-18038-SG

Author: Karen Picker, Luiza Esteves, Yong-Joo Kim

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The use of Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) in refinery sour environments is governed by ANSI/NACE MR0103/ISO 17945NACE “Metallic materials resistant to sulfide stress cracking in corrosive petroleum refining environments” which limits DSS base materials to be used in Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) services to a maximum hardness of 28 HRC for materials with a PREN ≤ 40 and to a maximum hardness of 32 HRC for those materials with PREN > 40.¹ These hardness values are in line with the hardness requirements of solution annealed as produced straight tubes, but when the heat exchanger design requires the use of integral finning or u-bend tubes, these are subject to significant work hardening that results in as bent and as finned heat exchanger tubes with hardness measurement as high as 418 HV0.5 or 35.6 HRC which clearly exceeds the allowable limits stated above.

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Results and Relation to Deformation Mechanisms for SSRT Testing of Austenitic Stainless in Hydrogen Gas

Product Number: 51324-20659-SG

Author: Ulf H Kivisäkk; Ulrika Borggren; Raveendra Siriki

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The use of Hydrogen as a fuel is widely discussed today with stainless steels able to be used for tubing and as fittings in various systems. The application areas vary from tubing and fittings in vehicles, filling stations, production or storages facilities. In all applications resistance against hydrogen embrittlement is a key prerequisite. Earlier the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement of three austenitic stainless steels tested by different SSRT methods has been reported: electrochemical charged, thermal pre-charged and in situ testing in 85 to 87.5 MPa hydrogen gas at -40°C. The low nickel versions of UNS S31603 experienced brittle fracture whereas the high nickel version of UNS S31603 as well as UNS S31675 had ductile fractures. The appearance of the fracture surface in SEM indicates that all test methods promote ingress of hydrogen to the center of the specimen. In this work, study of the deformation mechanisms has been performed by EBSD obtained 5 mm from the fracture. The study reveals that the low nickel version of UNS S31603 experiences formation of deformation induced martensite, the high nickel version of UNS S31603 shows no martensite but produces twinning. UNS S31675 which has a small grain size shows no formation of martensite and only small degree of twinning. The deformation structures are discussed with respect to the outcome of the SSRT-testing and austenite stability.

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Retention Improvement Of Sulfonic Acid Based Scale Inhibitor On Sandstone Formations At HTHP Conditions

Product Number: 51322-17875-SG

Author: Yasmin Hayatgheib, Salima Baraka-Lokmane, Thibaut Charpentier, Wassim Taleb, Paul Thornton, John-Richard Ordonez-Varela, Richard Barker, Wassim Taleb, Anne Neville

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Oilfield waters have a complex composition depending on reservoir rock at different geographical locations that can be carried into the production water¹. The alteration in environmental conditions such as pressure, temperature, salt content or pH can cause the liquid to oversaturate and the contained ions to form complexes. These will precipitate out of the solution, deposit and grow on contacting surfaces such as reservoirs, upstream production tubing, sub-surface safety valves, water injection lines to top side refining equipment namely heat exchangers and transport lines ^2–4. Scaling can also be induced by incompatible mixing of fluids. For example CaCO₃ and /or BaSO₄ form through typical mixing of SO4 2- containing sea water with the formation water that carries high concentrations of divalent cations such as Ca²⁺and Ba^2+₂. Similarly, sulfide scales form upon mixing with H₂S-containing formation water enriched with Fe, Zn or Pb ions ⁵. ZnS and PbS have been observed to form in presence of only 25 ppm H₂S at gulf of Mexico containing 50 ppm Zn and 5 ppm Pb , due to their low solubility constant K_sp ^6,7.

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Rethinking Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) Resistance Super Martensitic Stainless Steel (SMSS-13Cr) Bar Stock With 95 Ksi MY

Product Number: 51322-17614-SG

Author: Karthik Krishnan, Chad Glaesman

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

13Cr-5Ni-2Mo type Super Martensitic stainless steels referred to as SMSS-13Cr type grades can provide good general corrosion resistance such as in high CO₂ environments combined with higher strengths and excellent toughness² making them a prospective material choice for long term downhole completion equipment depending on actual well conditions. One of the main limiting factors for the use of SMSS-13Cr type grades is the Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) resistance in presence of H₂S in downhole well conditions. Therefore, a good understanding of this behavior is essential to facilitate the material selection process.

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Review and Recommendations on PWHT Exemptions for 2014 Edition of ASME B31.3

Product Number: 51320-14543-SG

Author: Deepak Mankar

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

A major significant change in fabrication/ welding of process piping was brought out by ASME B31.3 2014 addition Table 331.1.3 “Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment” It now allowed for all carbon steel conforming to P- No1material group for all control Thickness and All weld type with exemption from Postweld heat treatment if a preheat of 95°C (200°F) is applied prior to welding on any nominal material thickness >25mm (1in). Similar exemptions are provided for P-No.3, P-No 4 group 1, and P-No. Group1. These exemptions required a closer scrutiny prior to adaptation. The review is an attempt to make end users aware of its significance.

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Review of a Refinery Boiler Tube Failure

Product Number: 51323-19067-SG

Author: Darrell Freeman, Ryan Horsley, David Whitt, Mel J. Esmacher

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In late 2021, several leaks were observed inside the waste heat boiler coil of the steam reformer furnace at the refinery. The leaks were located in the first row of tubes of the hot bank in the vertically-oriented coil, where boiler water inside the tubes is heated via waste heat of the reformer stack. The waste heat boiler coil has a design duty of 69.59 MMBtu/hr (~20.4 MW), with design pressures and temperatures of 1010 psig (6.9 MPa) and 700°F (371°C), respectively.

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Review of Benefits and Limitations of Ex-Situ Corrosion Tests for Bipolar Plates in Energy Conversion Devices

Product Number: 51323-19553-SG

Author: Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, Digby D. Macdonald, Craig S. Gittleman

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The high demand for green hydrogen energy during recent decades has caused increasing research activities around energy conversion devices. Different types of water electrolyzers (WE) and fuel cells (FC) are at the core of attention for hydrogen production and electrical energy generation from hydrogen. Around 20-22% of the total cost of a WE/FC stack is the cost of bipolar plates (BPPs) materials and coatings.

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Review Of Coating Current Test Methods For Simulating CUI Conditions And Introduction Of A New, Small Scale, Accelerated Test Method

Product Number: 51322-18173-SG

Author: David Morton, Ulrik Bork, Vadimas Verdingovas, Simon Daly

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) costs industry millions of dollars. Water ingress into conventional insulation systems can result in accelerated corrosion of the steel substrate w hich, if unchecked, will result in structural failure of the vessel or pipe. If the structure is operating under high pressure then this failure would be catastrophic. CUI can result in significant loss of revenue from downtime, maintenance and replacement of corroded structures.

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Review of Mitigation of Carbonation-Induced Corrosion With UHPC

Product Number: 51323-18977-SG

Author: Kingsley Lau, Samanbar Permeh, Sepehr Faridmarandi, Atorod Azizinamini

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Recent occurrences of high visibility structural failures have spurred interest to revisit inspection and repair of aging reinforced concrete structures. Chloride-induced corrosion can cause premature damage of structures in coastal regions. Corrosion induced by carbonation of the concrete and the concrete pore water, on the other hand can occur in many other environments including structures in both wet and dry exposures. This type of corrosion can become increasingly relevant in residential buildings as housing structures age to where sufficient carbonation occurs at reinforcing steel depths.

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Review Of Techniques To Evaluate SCC Susceptibility Of Carbon Steels Used In Construction Of Nuclear Waste Tanks

Product Number: 51322-18062-SG

Author: B.C. Rollins, S. Chawla, J. Gerst, J.A. Beavers, J. Page, C. Girardot, S. Campbell, N. Sridhar

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The Hanford Nuclear Reservation contains radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes arising mostly from weapons production, beginning with World War II and continuing through the Cold War. The wastes are stored in 177 carbon steel underground storage tanks, of which 149 are single-shell tanks (SSTs) and the remaining are double-shell tanks (DSTs). The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of River Protection is responsible for retrieving the tank wastes, treating them in order to encapsulate them in glass logs, and then permanently closing the tanks and associated facilities.

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Review Of The State Of The Art Of Siliceous Scale Management In Industrial Systems

Product Number: 51322-17731-SG

Author: Peter G. Koutsoukos, Panagiota D. Natsi, Zahid Amjad

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Fouling of equipment surfaces by siliceous salts such as silica, metal silicates,
coprecipitated silica with mineral salts such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, etc.,
is a serious challenge facing the technologists in the efficient operation of industrial
systems. Severe fouling at times results in premature expensive equipment replacement,
early shutdown, increase in operating pressure of pumps, and enhance the probability of
corrosion damage. In many cases, the removal of foulants leads to discontinuous
operation of the system, resulting in higher operating costs. In geothermal applications,
siliceous scale typically occurs when brine is cooled in the course of brine handling and
energy extraction.

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Review: Advance Of Well Integrity Management

Product Number: 51321-16907-SG

Author: David Ernesto Castellanos Barajas; Javier Alexander Suárez Barajas; Ludwing Alfonso López Carreño

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance