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Steel rebars in concrete structures are usually protected from corrosion by a thin layer of passive film, which is formed due to the high alkalinity of concrete pore solution.1-2 However, this protective passive film could be damaged by penetration of chloride into concrete structures in marine environments or exposure to the use of de-icing salt for the removal of snow and ice in winter times.3 Penetration of chloride would impair the passive film locally and initiate pitting corrosion.
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Corrosion risk due to AC interference has been known to be a possibility for decades but really came to the awareness of pipeline industry professionals starting around 2000 to 2004. Prior to that time there were some lab simulations as well as some suspected incidents in actual field situations, but many in the industry resisted accepting this as a real risk even as late as 2012 or later. Part of the reluctance to view AC interference as a genuine corrosion risk was that corrosion directly attributed to AC interference had not really been seen in the century of buried pipeline management, as well as a lack of understanding as to how this interference produced or accelerated corrosion on the pipeline.
The potential extension of the lifetime of nuclear power plants has cultivated an interest in the long-term aging behaviour of materials such as concrete. Since concrete is a complex material and its properties evolve with time, the effect of prolonged radiation exposure is of high interest and needs to be understood. Cracking and radiation-induced volumetric expansion (RIVE)(Le Pape et al., 2020) of the mineral components in aggregates occur as a result of neutron radiation and depends on several factors including the chemical nature and mineralogical characteristics of the aggregates such as composition, crystallinity, grain size, and phase distribution.
Corrosion of metallic structures is a ubiquitous problem in industries such as power generation, oil and gas, pulp and paper, metals processing etc. which also results in significant financial losses. According to the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) International report, the global cost of corrosion was ~ 2.5 trillion USD in 2013 - close to 3.4 percent GDP of the entire world. The use of corrosion inhibitors is one of the most effective and economical ways to mitigate corrosion of metal and alloy components. Corrosion inhibitors are substances that are added in small quantities in corrosive media to protect metal and alloy components from corrosion.
With growing concerns of climate change and carbon footprint, many companies and industries arelooking into ways to reduce their impact on the environment. For the coatings industry, this can beachieved by tackling a multitude of different sources that contribute to climate change such as energyconsumption, solvent emissions, and more. Recently, there have been more discussions on bio-basedraw materials and their contribution to meeting sustainability goals set by both resin and paintmanufacturers.
The interaction of metals and alloys with aqueous environments is ubiquitous, leading to oxide formation (passivity) or corrosion in many cases. Although these phenomena have significant importance across various industries and domains of materials science, the fundamental atomic-scale mechanisms by which corrosion and oxide formation operate are still unclear. Oxide films can have complex chemistry and texture, especially at the metal-oxide interface which acts as the primary barrier from solution interaction. The Zr-H2O system has industrial and academic interest due to its use in nuclear reactors.
The accurate and precise analysis of scale inhibitors plays an important role in making key decisions on the efficiency of scale squeeze and continuous-chemical injection treatments. At present, several techniques exist for scale inhibitor analysis, but each method has its own limitations and tedious analysis process. In addition, these methods often give results of either total chemical content or elemental analysis without details of chemical speciation. Especially for phosphonate scale inhibitors, it is well known that there is no analytical methods available on the market to differentiate different species of phosphonate inhibitors, which impedes the applications of different types of phosphonate inhibitors on the scale treatment. There was therefore a need for a next-generation method for phosphonate analysis. An experimental methodology has been developed based upon the use of gold nanoparticles to enhance chemical signatures of scale inhibitors in brines using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). This methodology enables speciation and measurement at low concentrations in the range of 1 to 100 mg/L (ppm). This study used two different phosphonate-type scale inhibitors, and initial laboratory results prove that this novel technology can help to differentiate between two different phosphonate-based chemicals.
Accurate and precise monitoring of corrosion inhibitors in oilfield brine, an important aspect of corrosion control in oil and gas operations, is also a practice recommended by NACE International guidelines. Many operators require residual concentrations of corrosion inhibitors to monitor chemical deliverability at specific locations in a production system. The residual measurement provides the ability to troubleshoot factors affecting chemical deliverability. However, residual measurements are notoriously problematic because of the surface-active nature of corrosion inhibitors. Residual measurement errors can often exceed 100 percent. Consequently, a need exists for methods that are precise and accurately detect a wider range of corrosion inhibitor molecules. These methods must also be viable in corrosive oilfield environments where corrosion inhibitors are at low concentrations. Furthermore, the methods must be portable, enabling field analysis of residual chemicals in collected samples. Field-based detection methods can reduce the amount of time required to obtain data useful for corrosion control and reduce delays associated in shipping samples to centralized laboratories.