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Naphthenic Acid Corrosion And Sulfidic Corrosion In Crude Oil Fractions

Product Number: 51322-17533-SG

Author: Yuhchae Yoon, Hui Li, Kwei Meng Yap

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the petroleum industry, much greater attention has been focused on more highly sour and acidic oil resources due to the gradual depletion of conventional sweet oil resources. In addition, reducing crude oil costs have forced to look for opportunity (alternate) crudes, usually low-quality corrosive crude oils with high concentrations of naphthenic acids and sulfur compounds.1 The main constituents in the crude that cause corrosion are sulfur compounds, organic and inorganic chlorides, salt water, organic and inorganic acids. Processing of these highly acidic and sulfur-containing crudes at high temperatures in refineries has promoted significant corrosion problem in hot oil distillation units and associated piping systems.

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Naturally Buffered Iron Chloride Containing Solutions for SSC Tests of Low Alloy Steels

Product Number: 51324-20732-SG

Author: Florian Thebault; Hervé Marchebois

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Addition of controlled quantity of iron (II) chloride (FeCl2) in a test solution allows a tight control of the pH of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) tests for low alloy steels. The natural buffering capacity is a consequence of the precipitation of iron sulfide corrosion products at a very early stage during the corrosion test. This work shows that FeCl2 can efficiently replace acetic acid for pH buffering of the SSC tests. NACE TM0177 Method A and D tests have been performed and showed similar environmental severity for SSC compared to standardized test solutions at a given pH. Thanks to a reduction of the corrosion rate in FeCl2 containing environments, which limits the increase of the applied stress during the test, the environmental severity appears to be fairly evaluated. Iron sulfide scale characterization and failure observations support the conclusion that FeCl2 containing solutions do not modify the SSC corrosion mechanism. This alternative test solution is well adapted to the determination of threshold pH for SSC.

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Naval Aviation Environmental Severity Correlation

Product Number: 51322-17808-SG

Author: Christine Sanders, Raymond Santucci, Jr

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The exposure environment of an engineering material quite often has a large impact on how that material behaves over time. Environments are distinguished by differences in meteorological patterns, geography, salinity, Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, etc^1-3. Thus, the degradation of various materials scales proportionately to the characteristics of the exposure site, with more severe sites leading to worse degradation. Developing an understanding of how the local environment impacts the corrosion rates of metals and the deterioration of anti-corrosion coatings is critical for informing asset maintenance schedules and lifetime predictions⁴.

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New Advances in Corrosion Protection: Powder Coating of PEKK

Product Number: 51324-20610-SG

Author: Zak Eckel; Yash Adhia

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Poly Ether Ketone Ketone (PEKK) is part of the Poly Aryl Ether Ketone (PAEK) family of ultra-high-performance polymers. These polymers have an outstanding combination of physical, chemical, and thermal properties making them excellent for anti-corrosive coatings in demanding applications. Through the development of a unique copolymer structure, the ratio of monomer units allows a range of melting points (305 -358 oC) and crystallization rates (t1/2: 2-32 minutes). This capability significantly broadens the processing window of PEKK compared to other PAEKs and thermoplastic powder coatings, enabling powder coating processes while still delivering the highest performance. In this presentation we demonstrate the corrosion resistance of PEKK-based powder coatings in aggressive chemical environments while retaining its mechanical performance. The coatings are applied easily through conventional electrospray equipment without the need of a primer and the processing window can be tuned to provide a defect-free finish without any residual stresses.

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New Approach on Iron Sulfide Scale Modeling and Prediction at pH 4-7

Product Number: 51320-14532-SG

Author: Xin Wang, Saebom Ko, Alex Yi-Tsung Lu, Guannan Deng, Yue Zhao, Chong Dai, Samridhdi Paudyal, Amy T. Kan, Mason B. Tomson

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

In this study, a plug flow reactor was built to investigate iron sulfide scale precipitation at various temperatures, pH and ionic strength conditions and two pieces of carbon steel C1018 coupons were put inside as reaction surfaces. The ferrous ion and total sulfide in collected effluent samples were measured to determine precipitation kinetics and solubility. The solid that formed on the steel surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The solubility data from this study and literature were collected and fitted by Matlab to build up a reliable FeS solubility prediction model. The experimental results show that mackinawite is the predominant precipitated scale and could be stable for a week at pH higher than 6.0. Iron sulfide precipitation is under diffusion control, accelerated by high temperature and ionic strength. At pH 6 – 7, the aqueous phase neutral species, such as 𝐹𝑒𝑆0𝑎𝑞, plays an important role in the solubility and precipitation kinetic. Based on this study, a new solubility model that combines Pitzer theory and ion-complexes (speciation of ferrous ion) has been developed for iron sulfide solubility calculation and scale prediction.

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New Coating Technologies for Long Lasting Corrosion Protection - A Newly Developed Epoxy Coating Tailormade for Moist and Rusted Surfaces

Product Number: 51324-20880-SG

Author: Anders Solli; Anders W. B. Skilbred

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

All steel structures need periodic maintenance. During maintenance of the corrosion protection of such structures dry abrasive blasting has traditionally been standard practice. Over the years it has become more and more common to use water jetting for this purpose. Water jetting leaves a clean surface, free of old coating, loose particles, salt and contamination. Although water jetting produces no additional surface profile, the profile of the substrate during the new build stage is renewed. One downside of water jetting is the formation of flash rust. The degree of flash rust increases with various parameters such as temperature, relative humidity and soluble salt contamination. Furthermore, after water jetting the surface may be moist or damp, and to ensure a fast return to service the maintenance coating needs to be water tolerant. This paper presents a newly developed epoxy primer tailormade for moist and flash rusted surfaces.

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New Coating Technology to Resolve External Surface Casing Chronic Corrosion Challenge

Product Number: MECC23-19874-SG

Author: Ebad ul Haque; Shaj K. Manjalivalapil; Mohammed A. Alrudayni; Fouad A. Al-sultan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion damage in the buried wellhead equipment and surface casing immediately below the landing base is a major concern in the onshore fields. Initial schedule inspections in the past of the buried wellhead equipment reveals corrosion damage to the landing base, casing spools and surface casings. The damage were occurring in spite of an apparently successful in place cathodic protection program that has reduced the number of casing damage due to external corrosion.

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New Coatings in Research vs Military Specified Coatings Used for Steel Structures

Product Number: 51324-21209-SG

Author: Carolyn N. Ortiz; Drew Miller; Rebekah Wilson; Brooke Divan

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Paints and coatings are commonly applied to military steel structures to enhance the durability, corrosion resistance, and protect raw materials. The Paint Technology Center, Technical Center of Expertise (TCX) consistently conducts research and gathers performance data of coating systems new and old for military and civil work infrastructure applications. In this experiment the novel and currently specified coatings were exposed to UV/condensation, salt fog, and low temperature conditions within the laboratory. The performance data collected within this environment show the disparities between these coatings by comparing both nondestructive and destructive testing data. The desire is to present images and comparative graphs of the coatings performance and provide possible application of new coatings analyzed based on the results. It is our goal that the research conducted aids in the acceptance of novel coatings into the existing military coating specification and guides as well as informs new technology development in industry.

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New Development in Thermal Insulation Coatings

Product Number: 51324-21011-SG

Author: Nicole Rakers

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In chemical process industries, oil and gas, and petrochemical plants, it is common practice to use mechanical insulation such as mineral wool or calcium silicate and metal jacketing on heated tanks, piping, and related equipment as a means of either personal protection or improved energy retention. These traditional insulation systems can become saturated with moisture, leading to significant reduction in ability to thermally insulate as well as creating an environment that may cause an increase in corrosion under insulation. To combat these issues, asset owners have also been using spray-on insulation coatings. However, these are often limited in film thickness and temperature resistance and require a primer. Recent coating technology has been developed to address these challenges currently faced in the field. This paper will discuss some of the coating’s improved properties including hydrophobicity, higher film thickness, improved temperature resistance, and direct-to-metal corrosion protection. These properties provide an asset owner the means to spray apply thermal insulation at higher operating temperatures in less coats and with better long-term protection against corrosion of the asset.

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New Developments in High Productivity Cladding Process and in LNG application.

Product Number: MPWT19-15283

Author: Torchiana ing. Paolo

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Esab is always committed to technological innovations to support its customers in improving productivity and quality in their production units. This high focus has recently brought to the market an innovative cladding solution.
It is about the Integrated Cold Electrode for SAW process, launched in 2012 for joining application only. However, taking the benefits of its high flexibility and of the continuous development around it, it is now also possible to use it for cladding applications. It delivers the required weld deposit chemistry in a single layer solution by combining different wire grades with very low dilution.
Esab also has a long experience in LNG application, where a dedicated flux is well known all over the world. It has been designed some years ago to reduce crack susceptibility when NiCrMo wires are used to weld 9%Ni plates.

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New Experiences With Explosion Clad Alloys UNS N06058 And UNS N06059

Product Number: 51322-17650-SG

Author: P. Hübner, H. Alves, O. Sarrat, R. Behrens, D. Niespodziany, J. König

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The alloys used as clad material for this study are members of the so-called “C-family”. It consists of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys, which are known for combining the corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr alloys in oxidizing media with corrosion resistance of Ni-Mo alloys in reducing media. As a result, these materials have proven to be extremely durable in a wide range of highly aggressive media. The development of these materials started in the 1930s with Alloy C. This alloy showed remarkable corrosion resistance in a wide spread of media, low sensitivity for pitting or crevice corrosion and virtual immunity to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking.

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New Frontiers for the Pipeline Integrity Management

Product Number: MPWT19-15016

Author: Matteo Mattioli, Paolo Cherubini, Andrea Baldoni

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

The continuous improvements in the Oil&Gas Industry to deal with reliability and maintainability objectives, higher operational reliability, improved safety, and emergency readiness for potential risk of unexpected events have led the Offshore Companies to be in the forefront of development of design and analysis methodology for integrity assessment and safety operation. The architecture of an integrated model targeting the major residual risks to the asset, new generations of internal and external inspection techniques, real-time monitoring sensors, material degradation prediction related to the actual and future operational conditions and machine learning methods are, as identified from the experiences of the authors, the new frontiers for the Pipeline Integrity Management. The advance in automation process to build pipeline digital twin, looking at new predictive and diagnosis tool by advanced FE models allows not only thinking defensively but also in taking an aggressive position toward safety and asset optimization. Plenty of attention was devoted to the 40 years of pipeline integrity assessment through which the engineering assessment takes advantage from inspection and operational data. Suite of services for an integrated solution including ad-hoc engineering and repair system readiness have been identified as the main pillars for best-in-class Operators. Case histories and integrated solution to ensure satisfactory performance and safety have been presented.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance