AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

Available for download

Modeling Corrosion of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys in Complex Environments in Wide Concentration Ranges

Product Number: 51324-20731-SG

Author: Deepti Ballal; Andre Anderko

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion in acidic solutions frequently leads to equipment failure in industry. The ability to model corrosion in acidic solutions is thus necessary to increase asset integrity. A prerequisite for any corrosion model is the accurate knowledge of solution thermodynamics. In this study, a previously developed electrochemical module has been integrated with the Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte (MSE) thermodynamic model. MSE has been previously proven to accurately represent the behavior of solutions, including solubility limits, pH, and transport properties. Here, the accuracy of MSE in predicting speciation in acidic systems is demonstrated. The electrochemical module, which incorporates partial anodic and cathodic reactions, can model active corrosion, active-passive transition, as well as dissolution in the passive state. The model is shown to quantitatively predict the corrosion rates of two duplex stainless steels, i.e., 2507 (UNS S32750) and 255 (UNS S32550) in acid mixtures containing both oxidizing and non-oxidizing acids. The effects of aggressive (fluoride and chloride) and inhibitive (nitrate) species are also accurately predicted. Simulated polarization curves are presented for the mixed acid systems to illustrate the effect of different species on the anodic and cathodic processes.

Available for download

Modeling Stress Corrosion Cracking With Explicit 3D Grain Microstructure

Product Number: ED22-17160-SG

Author: Benjamin S Anglin, Thomas W Web

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Type 304 stainless steel (304 SS) in elevated temperature (288 °C) high purity water is typically an intergranular (IG) process with cracks propagating along grain boundaries, which are mesoscopic entities relevant on the grain scale. It follows then that the nature of the grain boundaries plays a significant role in SCC. In fact, for IG SCC to occur three things must be present: 1) stress; 2) a corrosive environment; and 3) susceptible grain boundaries. SCC growth rate (SCCGR) equations for 304SS in high temperature, high purity water, test orientation, temperature, material composition, and sensitization.

Available for download

Modeling the Service Life of Corrosion Protection Coatings

Product Number: 51323-19068-SG

Author: M. Gagné

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The life of corrosion protection coating systems very often will not meet the design life of the steel structures they are supposed to protect. Decisions about corrosion protection coating selection are usually focusing on the costs for the initial application, ignoring the certain future maintenance costs. However, repeated maintenance operations, and resulting downtime, can add significantly to the total cost of ownership.

Available for download

Modelling Electrolytic Hydrofluoric Acid In The Fractionation Phase Change Corrosion Zone Of HF Alkylation Units

Product Number: 51322-17520-SG

Author: Andy C. Gysbers, J. Tim Korstanje, Michael S. Cayard, Peiming Wang, Ezequiel Vincent

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used as a catalyst in the alkylation process to react isobutane with olefin feeds to manufacture a high octane alkylate product used in gasoline blending. The HF catalyst is added in its anhydrous liquid form (< 400 ppmw H₂O) but as it circulates in the reaction system, residual water in the Paper No. 17520 liquid hydrocarbon feed is absorbed by the acid such that the circulating reaction acid builds up a small percentage (0.5 to 2.0 mass%) of water. This water/HF mixture is also referred to as rich HF (RHF). In addition, the alkylation reactions also will generate fluorocarbons and acid soluble oils (ASOs).

Available for download

Modelling of Corrosion Under Insulation in Oil Sands

Product Number: 51323-19209-SG

Author: Andrea Marciales, Martin Huard, Kofi Freeman Adane

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

According to the Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) in Norway, corrosion under insulation (CUI) caused about 50% of all hydrocarbon leaks at onshore plants. In the case of Alberta’s oil sands, CUI has also been observed in thermal operations in above ground assets carrying emulsions, steam, hot water and/or warm water that are externally insulated to ensure safe and energy efficient operations. CUI has also been observed in oil sands mining operations in various piping systems and in tanks and vessels on structural supports and insulated support rings that are frequently in contact with soil or standing groundwater.

Available for download

Modelling Of IGSCC With Adaptive Framework

Product Number: ED22-17225-SG

Author: Michal Sedlak Mosesson, Pål Efsing

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IG-SCC) plays an important role as one of the most recognized degradation phenomena in Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). SCC is both multi-disciplinary with many parameters that are dependent on each other. This study was based on developing a multi-physics finite element model for IG-SCC prediction in unirradiated structural materials for non-pressure vessel components in NPPs. The environment considered was boiling water reactor (BWR) with normal water chemistry (NWC), containing approx. 200ppb oxidant (O2 + H2O2) and varying aggressive ions Cl-. The model was focused on the slip-oxidation model, where a crack is advancing by anodic dissolution, passivation, and oxide rupture at the crack tip. The rupture of the oxide film is due to the constant stresses applied creating slips in the bulk material which fractures the oxide.

Available for download

Modified magnetite surface layers on carbon steel in aqueous CO2 environments

Product Number: 51323-19127-SG

Author: Joshua Owen, Richard Barker, Francois Ropital, Gaurav R. Joshi, Jean Kittel, Robert Jacklin, Danny Burkle, Erlend Straume, Sigrún Nanna Karlsdóttir

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Surface layers often form on carbon steel surfaces in carbon dioxide (CO2) saturated environments and under certain conditions can offer corrosion protection to the underlying steel. One such layer, magnetite (Fe3O4) is a semiconductor, having a reported electrical resistivity of the order of 10-2 to 10-1 Ω∙cm and band gap of 0.1 eV. The conductive properties of Fe3O4 are of significant importance when understanding the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel, as Fe3O4 can readily establish a galvanic couple with the steel surface upon which it has formed.

Available for download

Modifying Martensitic Steels to Reduce Susceptibility to Hydrogen Embrittlement by Heat Treatment and Mo Addition

Product Number: 51324-20964-SG

Author: Magdalena Eškinja; Gregor Mori; Gerald Winter; Jürgen Klarner; Holger Schnideritsch

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

On a global scale there is a tendency to substitute fossil fuels with cleaner and renewable sources of energy. In recent years, hydrogen appears to be a promising alternative to achieve energy transition. In this context, the new infrastructure for the hydrogen transportation and storage should be considered. Exposure of high-strength steels to hydrogen can result in the deterioration of the mechanical properties by the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement (HE). To prevent this phenomenon, pipeline steels can be modified by various means. One of the possible ways is to change the microstructural features by addition of carbide forming elements such as Mo. This paper aims to investigate the role of different Mo content as well as different heat treatment on susceptibility of two martensitic steels to HE. Hydrogen trapping behavior and permeation were investigated by means of electrochemical permeation test and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS). Slow Strain Rate Tests (SSRT) of electrochemically charged steels were performed to elucidate mechanical performance. The carbide distribution and microstructure of the steels were observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). The results implied that change of heat treatment leads to the control of Mo carbides size and dispersion and positively effects on HE susceptibility. Tempered martensitic steels with higher Mo content and modified heat treatment were found to be less susceptible to HE.

Available for download

Moisture Management In Thermal Insulations For In-Service And Out Of Service Pipelines

Product Number: 51322-17594-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana, Graham Brigham

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Thermally insulated pipelines have wide networks globally that are used to transport various chemicals, hydrocarbons as well as steam. CUI (corrosion under insulation), external SCC (stress corrosion cracking) and corrosion fatigue are some of the prominent damage mechanisms which may occur on the external surface of insulated pipes/ pipelines that in turn jeopardize the long-term integrity and operations. The moisture is undoubtedly the key contributor behind the above said external degradations of metallic surfaces and can come under thermal insulations via seepage and/ or condensation. Various factors that influence the extent of moisture intrusion are the design of insulated system(s), type and age of insulation, operating temperature of pipeline(s) as well as environmental and neighborhood conditions.

Available for download

Molecular Deep Dive Into Oilfield Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion: A Detailed Case Study Of MIC Failure Analysis In An Unconventional Asset

Product Number: 51322-17948-SG

Author: David G. Leach, Wei Wang, Chao Yan, Dillon Mattis, Ron MacLeod, Wei Wei

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a key oilfield problem associated with microbial activity, and can be described as the accelerated corrosion of surfaces (usually concrete or iron/steel) by the biological action of naturally present or externally introduced microorganisms. MIC incidents can occur anywhere that a system is exposed to the environment, where microorganisms can enter often via fluid flow and colonize various surfaces for their own growth. MIC is a persistent concern in practically any upstream, midstream, or downstream system where water could be present for microorganism colonization, including topside, subsurface, aerobic (with oxygen), anaerobic (without oxygen), and at extreme temperatures and salinities.

Available for download

Monitoring And Controlling Cathodic Protection Without Using Reference Electrode ― Cathodic Production Effectiveness Margin From Multielectrode Sensor

Product Number: 51322-17872-SG

Author: Lietai Yang, Xiaodong Sun

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

There are mainly two commonly adopted criteria for controlling CP. One is the polarized potential criterion and the other one is the polarization shift criterion1. These criteria are not the true criterion for cathodic protection; they are the surrogate criteria (see below). The polarized potential criterion is to control the instant-off structure-to-electrolyte potential within a specified range. For example, the instant-off potential should be between -0.85 and -1.2 V vs Cu/CuSO₄ (V_CSE) for pipelines buried in soil. The polarization shift criterion is to control the polarization of a CP-protected structure to a given minimum value and this minimum value is usually 100 mV. The polarization is determined either by the difference between the corrosion potential of the structure measured before CP is applied and the instant-off structure-to-electrolyte potential, or by the difference between the depolarized potential of the structure and the instant-off structure-to-electrolyte potential.

Available for download

Monitoring Localized and General Corrosion using Advanced Electrochemical Sensors

Product Number: 51320-14544-SG

Author: Timothy Duffy, Derek M. Hall, and Serguei, Margaret Ziomek-Moroz

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

In previous years, we have explored the use of electrochemical sensors for humidity and corrosion measurements inside of natural gas pipelines. Designed to operate in systems where a conductive aqueous phase is intermittent or unavailable, these membrane-based sensors utilize electrochemical techniques such as linear polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to determine the environment’s corrosivity to the pipeline material. We now aim to explore this sensor’s performance and capabilities in more complex systems, specifically in environments that promote localized corrosion. Using the aforementioned electrochemical techniques, along with electrochemical noise and cyclic voltammetry, we probe and monitor localized corrosion and general corrosion of X65 steel in the presence of inorganic pitting agents. Experiments are conducted in both aqueous and nonaqueous environments. The additional functionality increases the quantity and quality of corrosion data from these sensors, offering to internal corrosion-monitoring programs a more complete picture of real-time corrosion within their natural gas pipelines.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance