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Wastewater coming from both municipal and industrial activities present corrosive properties toward metals and can in certain cases exceed the tolerances of the most often used stainless steels such as 304L and 316L, thus resulting in the need of superior alloys. The main factors influencing the corrosiveness of the fluids in wastewater treatment plants are high concentration of halides (more specifically chlorides), H2S, low pH, temperature and their combined action. Corrosiveness of incoming fluids at a municipal wastewater treatment finds its roots in the municipal collection network.
Stainless steels are successfully used in the range of water compositions encountered during wastewater treatment. Austenitic stainless steels are the most often used grades in water treatment applications. S30403 and S31603 are known to be suitable for municipal and industrial wastewater with respectively moderate and increased chloride contents. Considering the comprehension of economic cost, good corrosion resistance and higher mechanical properties, lean duplex stainless steels can be a good alternative to these commonly used austenitic grades but they are still too rarely chosen, probably due to a lack of case studies.The present paper deals with the localized corrosion performance of lean duplex (S32101, S32202 and S32304) in solutions simulating pre-treatment unit waters, using electrochemical testing. The localized corrosion was compared with austenitic stainless steels (S30403 and S31603) and with more alloyed duplex grades (S82441 and S32205). Pitting corrosion methods were adapted from standard electrochemical test methods ASTM G150 ASTM G61 to assess critical pitting temperature (CPT) and pitting potential (PP) respectively. Environmental parameters (chloride content, pH and temperature) were selected to be representative of the different environments that can be encountered in urban wastewater treatment plants.All the results permit to have an overview of corrosion properties according to the environmental parameters and to choose properly the best stainless steel grade for urban wastewater treatment units. This study allows also to have a clearer view of the behavior of duplex stainless steel grades versus austenitic grades in such environments. It confirms that lean duplex grades S32101 and S32202 can be used as alternatives to S30403 and S31603 respectively.
Unbonded post-tensioned reinforcement in concrete structures has been used for many years in elevated slabs (parking garages and residential or commercial buildings), residential foundations, walls, and columns and more recently in bridge structures. The use of unbonded post-tensioned reinforcing allows for unique and cost-effective design and construction that include: thinner concrete sections, longer spans between supports, stiffer walls to resist lateral loads, and stiffer foundations to resist the effects of shrinking and swelling soils.
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Seawater injection is commonly utilized for offshore wells to maintain or increase oil production; however, treatment for seawater before injection is always necessary to reduce or remove bacteria, dissolved oxygen, sulfate, and other impurities. Seawater typically has >2000 mg/L sulfate. Without proper sulfate removal, such high levels of sulfate can cause not only barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate scales, but also reservoir souring and H2S corrosion in the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). Therefore, sulfate removal from seawater is critical before seawater injection into reservoir.
Many asset owners struggle to identify the root cause of fluctuating corrosion rates due to unreliable inspection data. Facilities worldwide are tasked with monitoring thousands of Condition Monitoring Locations (CMLs) with established NDE techniques such as manual ultrasonic testing and radiography. While these techniques can provide valuable “snapshots” of the condition of particular locations, limitations and inherent errors can compound leading to ill-advised decision making. Manually taken thickness data can vary greatly and result in unwarranted complacency or excessive and costly inspections.