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This paper reviews current observations from the offshore oil fields and presents the potential biotic and abiotic mechanisms to magnetite formation.
An increasing incidence of amorphous deposits in both production and water injection systems has caused considerable problems for offshore fields. Amorphous deposits which are a widely recognized but often poorly explained phenomenon are typically comprised of both organic (biological or hydrocarbon) and inorganic material but with compositions that vary considerably.One recurrent form of deposit found in offshore water injection flowlines and wells consisting mainly of magnetite as the corrosion product was further investigated with the objective of explaining its formation and assisting in prevention or remediation.It is proposed that the deposit formation observed in offshore water injection systems treated with nitrate is initiated by formation of a nitrate reducing biofilm promoting under deposit corrosion by activity of sulphate reducing and methanogenic prokaryotes; this in turn generating iron hydroxide and green rusts which are then mineralized through biotic or abiotic mechanisms to magnetite.This paper reviews current observations from the field and presents the potential biotic and abiotic corrosion mechanisms that can help to explain the deposit formation.Key Words: Seawater Injection Systems Nitrate Soft DepositsMagnetite Corrosion Mechanism Oilfield Prokaryotes.
Key words: Seawater Injection Systems, Nitrate, Soft Deposits, Magnetite, Corrosion Mechanism, Oilfield Prokaryotes
MIC-causing microorganisms were investigated in a 16” diameter and 9.6 km long injection water pipeline. Nitrate was added to the water and pigging debris from the pipeline showed that both sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), nitrate-utilizing bacteria, and methanogens were present in numbers of 105 – 106 cells/g.
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This paper describes those strategies to minimize the risks associated with the seawater injection process and to reach production targets. Also, an expert system developed for seawater injection plants is introduced.