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Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are based on the Fe-Cr-Ni system and are constituted of 30 to 70 % ferrite and austenite. They combine high tensile strength, good toughness, weldability, and excellent corrosion resistance including stress-corrosion cracking and resistance to localized corrosion.1-3 DSSs can be classified according to the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN = Cr + 3.3 Mo + 16 N) in lean duplex (PREN= 22-27), standard (PREN = 28-38), super duplex (PREN = 38-45) and hyperduplex (PREN > 45).
Super duplex stainless steels (SDSS) are characterized by a two-phase microstructure of approximately 50% ferrite () and 50% austenite (). SDSS are highly alloyed stainless steels with at least 25 % Cr, 3 % Mo, 6 % Ni and 0.2 % N and offer an excellent combination of good mechanical properties and resistance to general as well as localized corrosion. Despite their good combination of properties in typically solution annealed condition, there is a certain need to increase the strength of these materials. The tensile strength of SDSS can be increased by a thermomechanical process (TMP). The aim of this paper is to study the effect of a TMP on the mechanical properties, mainly tensile strength, and corrosion properties of UNS S32750 (1.4410). The material was submitted to a TMP at temperatures where detrimental phases should not precipitate according to thermodynamic calculations. After TMP, UNS S32750 still displays a ferritic-austenitic microstructure free of secondary phases and exhibits yield strength and ultimate tensile strength higher than 800 MPa (116 ksi) and 950 MPa (138 ksi), respectively. The pitting corrosion resistance UNS S32750 at room temperature is not affected by TMP. At 50 °C, there is a slight reduction of pitting corrosion resistance. The tensile strength of UNS S32750 can be increased without losing its corrosion properties by TMP, enabling the use of this SDSS for applications at high strength and in very aggressive environments.
To evaluate through fracture toughness tests the susceptibility of SDSS to HISC and to determine the effect of the cathodic protection potential and the stress intensity factor rate (K-rate).
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Production of oil and gas is well known to cause potential corrosion issues due to the CO2 content in the well stream. Carbon steel is widely used for production facilities as e.g. flowlines and manifolds, however, aging of the reservoir increases the number of corrosive agents, such as e.g. CO2, which are known to cause high corrosion rates in carbon steel. Therefore, carbon steel piping is often being replaced with super duplex stainless steel due to its high strength, excellent toughness and good corrosion resistance. Replacing carbon steel with super duplex has been conducted on several mature offshore oilfields in the European North Sea region.