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In the past, the present and undoubtedly in the future, coating specifications will be written and included in bid packages that will end up on your desk, mine and our fellow colleagues. Often these specifications are poorly written, boiler plated or haphazardly thrown together to hopefully provide us with enough information to successfully win and complete a given contract.
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Vapor resistance properties of architectural coatings that are used on or within an exterior wall can directly influence the moisture performance of the assembly. Through the use of computer modeling, the effect that various coating applications have on common exterior wall assemblies are studied using varying indoor and outdoor climatic conditions.
The market for protective linings in the oil and gas sector has evolved in the last 30 years, reflecting on both increased performance demands and productivity demands. This paper will review the successes seen with tank linings and the changes seen within the market (legislative, HSE and more aggressive conditions), later, via a case study it will elaborate how these have steered R&D in the development of the next generation of high-performance linings.Finally, the relevance of the American Petroleum Guidance (API652 and 653) to establish their continued relevance in lining selection and inspection intervals will be reviewed along with the utilization of linings to support changing demands (increased life expectancy and inspection intervals).
Who can benefit from a coatings program? Owners? Coating Manufacturers? Services Contractors? The answer is really - everyone. Developing Goals, Strategies, and Action Plans will reduce your workload and provide for continuous improvement.
This group of authors, thinking outside the proverbial box, and with a mind to Shakespeare’s Macbeth, presented a paper at SSPC 2010 entitled “Hubble, Bubble, Tests and Trouble: The Dark Side of Misreading the Relevance of Coating Testing”. A challenge to the status quo of coatings performance testing, the paper boldly questioned much of the conventional wisdom surrounding coating testing and how that testing is interpreted.
Aside from the use of successful track records, it is commonplace for coating specifications to be written based upon test criteria deemed important by specification authorities. But are the tests relevant to the intended service environment? Or has the meaning of the test data been misinterpreted? Perhaps the tests have been ascribed a level of accuracy and dependency that the test method simply cannot deliver. These are vital factors to be considered if a coating specification is to be supported in a meaningful way and to prevent all sorts of problems.
Two of the most common acid gases produced by the refining industry are chloride compounds such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine (Cl2). These compounds can react with water to form solutions of hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid. Droplets that condense are often highly concentrated, and acid concentrations in excess of 10% can be expected.1 A common source of these gaseous compounds is the overhead exhaust/vent of regeneration tower within a Continuous Catalytic Reforming (CCR) unit. Chloride compounds in the regenerator vent gas are absorbed in 1 wt.% caustic (NaOH) by subsequent contact in a venturi scrubber (ejector), before venting chloride free gas to atmosphere through a wash tower.
Facing the increasing industrial requirements on iron and steel products the importance of investigating hydrogen embrittlement has been rising straightly since Johnson first described the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of iron and steel in 1874. Since this day a lot of effort has been done on understanding and describing the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement and how absorbed hydrogen performs in materials.
Elaborates on some reported findings and identifies possible mechanisms and risks for further growth of defects in the reactor pressure vessel walls in the Belgian nuclear power reactors Doel 3 and Tihange 2 – which were restarted in 2015 after inspection found “thousands” of “hydrogen flaws”.
A 9-5/8 inch (244.8 mm) Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV), which is a type of Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV) governed by API Specification 14A, was found to have failed when retrieved during workover operations in a gas production well in June 2019. This TRSV was installed in the well in November 2013 and was in production service from 2015 until November 2018 when the well was shut in for maintenance of surface equipment. In March 2019, with the well still shut in for maintenance, a rapid increase in the tubing-casing annulus (TCA) pressure was observed.
Precipitation hardenable nickel alloys are commonly used in oil and gas offshore structures where requires outstanding mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. In seawater galvanic coupling to steel or cathodic protection promotes the formation of atomic hydrogen on the surface of Inconel 718. Hydrogen atoms further dissolve into the metal matrix and cause hydrogen embrittlement. The unconventional Additive Manufacturing (AM) process generates fine microstructure and alters surface finish that affect hydrogen intake process and the subsequent hydrogen embrittlement. The effects of hydrogen embrittlement are investigated on different build orientations and surface finish of AM Inconel 718 by slow strain rate (SSR) testing in seawater environment under cathodic protection. The susceptibility of AM 718 to hydrogen embrittlement is discussed based on the SSR results and metallography analysis with respect to its wrought counterpart.