AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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It’s All About Adhesion

Product Number: 51216-016-SG

Author: Guerman Vainblat, Timur Kolchinskiy

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

A long-term project such as the current Brooklyn Bridge Rehabilitation Program, known as Brooklyn Bridge Contract 6, presents a great opportunity to collect vast amounts of data and records relating to the total coating replacement on a historic landmark. On any project, especially one of this scope, the project team has to deal with many obstacles, both expected and unexpected, and significant unknowns.

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Issues with Correlation between Accelerated Test Methods and Field Performance

Product Number: 51324-20975-SG

Author: Gunnar Dunér; Ted Best; Dongrui Yang; Victoria Gelling

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Lifetime prediction often relies on various accelerated methods with the end goal of accurately predicting time-to-failure and failure modes which may occur during real-world exposure. This presentation will focus on a case study for organic coatings over a coil-type metal substrate. Samples from 2011 were evaluated by multiple corrosion, humidity, flexibility, and adhesion measurements prior to field exposure at two test fences in Florida. An unexpected field failure, general blistering, was observed relatively rapidly after the field exposure commenced. This study focuses on data analysis of the 2011 physical and corrosion tests, field exposure results, and recent electrochemical and microscopic evaluations of unexposed 2011 retain samples. The retain samples were from the same 2011 study, but they were never tested and were maintained wrapped on a shelf in a laboratory. No correlation was observed between the standard 2011 tests and the resulting field performance. However, newer test methods, including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) cross-section analysis with elemental mapping, provided insight into the reason for the field blister failure. The proposed mechanism of failure was inconsistencies in pretreatment deposition which caused inconsistent EIS performance and localized blistering upon field testing.

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Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Chromia-Forming and Alumina-Forming Nickel-Base Alloys in Dry and H

Product Number: 51319-13520-SG

Author: Nicholas Ury

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Nickel-base alloys are used in high temperature environments such as heat exchangers and land-based gas turbines where oxidation becomes a significant issue. To mitigate oxidation these alloys contain chromium and aluminum to form protective oxide layers. In dry air the behavior of chromia- and alumina-forming alloys can be predictable. However several high temperature applications contain a significant amount of water vapor which in turn can lead to enhanced corrosion. The effects of water vapor are not completely understood. Hence a comparative study of the oxidation behavior of two nickel-base alloys – UNS N06230 and UNS N07214 - in dry and wet air was undertaken. UNS N06230 a chromia former and UNS N07214 an alumina former were oxidized at 1000°C in dry and wet (15 volume% H2O) air for times of 1 minute 10 minutes 1 hour 5 hours 10 hours and 100 hours using thermogravimetric analysis. The coupons were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. UNS N06230 performed better overall in wet air when compared to UNS N07214. Mechanisms for this difference will be discussed.

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Isocyanate Free Water Repellent Top Coat For Offshore Corrosion Protection

Product Number: 51321-16640-SG

Author: Rifnur Latipov/ David Morton

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Isocyanate Free Polyurthane Coatings for Industrial Metal Applications

Product Number: 41215-921-SG

Author: Paul Popa, John Argyropoulos, Yanxiang Li, Nahrain Kamber, Jeff Anderson

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

Two component polyurethane coatings are used in a variety of applications including industrial maintenance. These coating systems were introduced in the 1970’s primarily as topcoats; characterized by their excellent weatherability, toughness, and chemical and stain resistance. When formulated as ambient cured systems, traditional two component polyurethanes typically sacrifice cure time for pot life unless plural component application equipment is employed.

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ISO 27913 - Example for Successful Standardization Activities in the Field of CCUS

Product Number: 51324-20592-SG

Author: Ralph Bäßler

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Since 2016 ISO Technical Committee (TC) 265 is working on standardization the whole CCS-process chain. Around 30 countries are working together to provide international guidelines. As ISO 279131 was the first standard finished within these activities it is already in the stage of first revision. The objective of ISO 27913 is “to provide specific requirements and recommendations on certain aspects of safe and reliable design, construction and operation of pipelines intended for the large-scale transportation of CO2 that are not already covered in existing pipeline standards such as ISO 136232, ASME B31.83, EN 15944, AS 28855 or other standards. Existing pipeline standards cover many of the issues related to the design and construction of CO2 pipelines; however, there are some CO2 specific issues that are not adequately covered in these standards. The purpose of this document is to cover these issues consistently. Hence, this document is not a standalone standard, but is written to be a supplement to other existing pipeline standards for natural gas or liquids for both onshore and offshore pipelines. This contribution shall provide information on the content, the current stage of the revision process, encourage to contribute to this standard and make listeners aware to consider the influence of ISO standard on documents currently in draft.

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Is Your Waterborne 2K Epoxy Formulation Giving You a Headache? Here is the Cure!

Product Number: 41214-854-SG

Author: Michaela Zirngast, Gerald Hobisch, Florian Lunzer

Publication Date: 2014

$20.00

A new system for waterborne 2K epoxies has been developed that presents a measurable value proposition. Performance testing results are presented that demonstrate the key features of coatings prepared with the new amine hardener and two different epoxy dispersions. The hardener is ultra-low-VOC and contains no free amines (no need for hazard labeling).

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Is Your CIS Data Accurate?

Product Number: 51322-17809-SG

Author: Jay Warner, Randy Hilgart

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Electrical potential surveys are typically required to be completed on a periodic basis on cathodically protected structures such as underground pipelines. However, proving that a cathodic protection system is providing the degree of corrosion protection required can often be a time-consuming and error prone endeavor. It is a typical practice, and often required, to interrupt the CP source(s) to carry out these surveys, the accuracy of which is affected by several factors, including the presence and inherent function of DC decouplers.

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Is the Standardized SSC Testing Approach Applicable for Dense Phase CO2 Applications?

Product Number: 51324-20933-SG

Author: Klas Solberg; Kari Lønvik ; Riccardo Rizzo; Erling Østby; Bente Leinum

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Increased tolerance levels for impurities in CO2 compositions for pipeline transport will give considerable value to CCS projects. Increasing the allowable H2S limits may impose a risk for sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and corrosion. ISO 15156 defines the testing requirements for SSC for oil and gas production, however, CCS applications are not considered in the standard and need to be fully understood in order to provide the right requirements. This work presents preliminary results from an ongoing project with the objective to establish the allowable H2S limit in pipelines transporting CO2 and to establish whether it is possible to represent dense phase SSC behavior by testing in ambient conditions. Autoclave four-point bending test results and simulations are presented and further used to discuss the implications of correlating the dense phase conditions to ambient conditions.

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Is the Heat and Pressure of Formulating Coatings for the Oil and Gas Market Getting to You?

Product Number: 41215-925-SG

Author: Andrew Recker

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

Many protective coatings markets have recently seen high demand for higher performing coatings or linings. For example, with enhanced oil recovery, many more assets are now used throughout these processes from the oil / water separation tanks to the acid injectors. The temperatures are higher and corrosive environments are more severe. Formulation chemists are working hard at trying to push the extent of the performance of typical resin systems, but it seems that most of the development has been done and the extent of the performance available has been maximized.

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Is Surface Charge Important for Scaling on Polymeric Matrices?

Product Number: 51323-19524-SG

Author: P.D. Natsi, G.Ziomas, Th. Kourassi, P.G. Koutsoukos

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The formation of inorganic scale deposits in numerous waters mediated industrial applications takes place by heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth. These processes depend on the supersaturation of the solution in contact with respect to the depositing salt, on the characteristic features of the surface on which scaling takes place, temperature, fluid velocity and the presence of foreign substances. Despite the importance of the surface on which salts form, very few studies have focused on this issue.

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Is it MIC or Pitting Corrosion? An Insight in a Common Overlapping

Product Number: 51320-14719-SG

Author: Mohammed Al Muaisub

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Although Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a critical damage mechanism that had been researched for decades in different environments, yet diagnosing a specific industrial failure to be attributed to MIC can still be challenging. The challenge of accurately identifying an MIC failure is partially due to the similarity of the failure morphology with other damage mechanisms, e.g., pitting corrosion due to chloride. Furthermore, the variously proposed initiation and propagation mechanisms for different types of bacteria may illustrate to the failure analyst that the MIC mechanisms are not yet well established. The confusion of MIC failure identification could also be aggravated by the fact that the presence of bacteria in a system does not necessarily mean that MIC is the culprit. Therefore, this paper will shed some light on the overlapping areas between MIC and pitting corrosion, especially the morphology of the attack. Moreover, several steps will be highlighted and discussed on how to correctly identify if MIC is the culprit in a specific failure.

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Is 22 HRC the right threshold for TMCP large diameter pipes in severe sour environment?

Product Number: 51323-18943-SG

Author: Hervé Marchebois, Christophe Mendibide, Bruce Cowe, Carole Dessolin

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The manufacturing and field experience of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel plates produced by Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process (TMCP) are well defined in industry standards and literature. The TMCP method consists of a well-prescribed rolling pass schedule followed by accelerated cooling that leads to a fine-grain microstructure with the desired mechanical properties of the produced plates.
Quite recently, this TMCP process resulted in detrimental local variations with hidden hardness variations on pipe ID, so-called Local hard Zones (LHZ).

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Is Your Specification Style Costing Your Customers Money? Providing Better Value Through Changing One Factor in Your Specification

Product Number: 51219-195-SG

Author: John M. Hilton

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Microcosm is defined as “A community, place, or situation regarded as encapsulating in miniature the characteristics, qualities or features of something much larger”. By examining a “microcosm” one can look at how an overall system or market operates and infer assumptions and regard changes by looking at manageable data sets. This paper will examine a “microcosm” of the water tank recoat market. Data was collected from the website “Civcast USA”. The projects that were examined were water tank recoats in the Texas Market.

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Irradiation Accelerated Corrosion of 316L Stainless Steel T91 and Zircaloy-4 in Primary Water

Product Number: 51317--9131-SG

ISBN: 9131 2017 CP

Author: Stephen Raiman

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Austenitic and ferritic-martensitic steel were irradiated with protons while exposed to simulated PWR primary water for 4-72 hr in 320°C water with 3 wppm hydrogen while irradiated at surface dose rates from 400-4000 kGy/s (4x10-7 to 7x10-6 dpa/s).

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Iron Source in Sour Gas/Condensate Wells: Reservoir Fluids or Corrosion?

Product Number: 51317--8998-SG

ISBN: 8998 2017 CP

Author: Giulia Verri

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

In order to implement an effective iron scale mitigation strategy, operators first need to identify the main source of iron in the system. This work describes a method to predict the “maximum dissolved iron” (MDI) concentration in a reservoir/production system.

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Iron Carbonate (Feco3) SLIPS (Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces) For Enhanced Scale Resistance

Product Number: 51321-16645-SG

Author: Alexander Saul; Anne Neville; Salima Baraka-Lokmane; Aurelie Le Beulze; Thiabaut Charpentier; Suparit Tangparitkul; John-Richard Ordonez-Varela

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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IR 4.0 Knowledge Technology for Managing Risks Associated with Refining Various Crudes

Product Number: MPWT19-15463

Author: Bilal Abdallah, Maana, Inc.

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Knowledge technology provides energy companies with knowledgeable applications that help them make better decisions faster in all decision points. One such knowledge application (CrudeFlex) is related to supporting the decisions of purchasing certain crudes to be processed in certain refineries through properly evaluating the risks associated with processing such crudes.
In this paper, we discuss the basic concepts of knowledge modeling and how specifically CrudeFlex was developed as a knowledge application, how it works and how rifineries are leveraging it to strengthen their competitive edge and proactively evaluate and manage risks associated with the crudes.
The new generation of knowledge applications are powered by a combination of computational knowledge graphs and computational algorithms. These algorithms encode the expertise of subject-matter experts, such as process engineers and combine their experience with decades of historical data extracted from databases, documents, and sensors in addition to ever-growing corpus of technical research to support better decisions faster. This technology enriches and combines companies’ internal siloed data with public data to create an integrated digital knowledge layer. Engineers can evaluate and manage the risks associated with known processing and new crudes in any of their refineries.
Refining engineers have easy access to knowledge related to people, equipment, vendors, crudes and more, so that they can make better, more informed decisions faster. In this paper, we show how the application of such algorithms helps the reading of hundreds of thousands of historical reports to harvest knowledge about the risks, and store the extracted knowledge in an enterprise digital knowledge layer, saving millions of dollars by enabling experienced engineers to make significantly better decisions faster through using the harvested and captured knowledge.

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IR 4.0 Integrity Management Using Data Analytics

Product Number: MPWT19-15487

Author: Dr. Haaken Ahnfelt, Dr. Luis Caetano, Dr. Hilde Aas Nøst, Dr. Knut Nordanger, Reidar Kind, Dr. Zeeshan Lodhi, Dr. Lay Seong Teh

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

One of the pillars of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) is to let machines make decisions on behalf of humans; this paper describes new technology that allows machines to decide inspection programs and field validation and testing of results. The technology described is a part of integrity management, and uses data, statistics and expert decisions to design inspection programs. These inspection programs are an important part of the safeguarding of equipment to maintain production and safety.
This technology is a data-driven predictive model of material loss from corrosion, based on domain expert input and historical data in the form of non-destructive testing (NDT) tests. The technology trends is based on historical data and SME input, while accounting for uncertainties in NDT measurements, with uncertainties in historical trends and uncertainties in future trends. This produces a more realistic failure prediction to enhance existing RBIs and adds safety by improving on early detection of trends in data. In total, this enables the machine to update inspection plans autonomously, reducing the number of inspections significantly.
The paper also describes how the technology can be developed further to use production data and integrity operating windows to improve predictions, deal with localised corrosion and assess if the test points on a corrosion circuit are sufficient, can be reduced in number or should be manually evaluated by adding more test points.

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IOW Analysis with Wireless UT Sensors: How Changes Impact Corrosion Rates

Product Number: MECC23-20018-SG

Author: Steve Strachan; Mitch Gribi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Many asset owners struggle to identify the root cause of fluctuating corrosion rates due to unreliable, infrequent, or sheer lacks of quantity of inspection data to make informed decisions on asset health. Facilities worldwide are tasked with monitoring thousands of Condition Monitoring Locations (CMLs) with established NDE techniques such as manual ultrasonic testing and radiography. While these techniques can provide valuable “snapshots” of the condition of particular locations, limitations and inherent errors can compound leading to ill-advised decision making.

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IOW Analysis With Installed UT Sensors: How Process Changes Impact Corrosion Rates

Product Number: 51322-17611-SG

Author: Mitchell Gribi, Rebecca Henderson, Ivan Morales, Rebecca Franco, Zackary Lerch

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Many asset owners struggle to identify the root cause of fluctuating corrosion rates due to unreliable inspection data. Facilities worldwide are tasked with monitoring thousands of Condition Monitoring Locations (CMLs) with established NDE techniques such as manual ultrasonic testing and radiography. While these techniques can provide valuable “snapshots” of the condition of particular locations, limitations and inherent errors can compound leading to ill-advised decision making. Manually taken thickness data can vary greatly and result in unwarranted complacency or excessive and costly inspections.

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Investigations on the Microstructural Stability after Long-term High-temperature Exposure of Alloy 699 XA

Product Number: 51323-18845-SG

Author: Tatiana Hentrich, Heike Hattendorf, Sabine Bellmann, Benedikt Nowak

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

VDM Alloy 699 XA (UNS N06699, EN Alloy number 2.4842) is a new alloy, which was developed for applications in the petrochemical industry under metal dusting conditions between 400°C and 800°C. Important properties of a new material are corrosion resistance, such as to metal dusting, oxidation resistance, and workability versus high temperature strength, which are essential for industrial applications. Currently, there are material solutions which demonstrate good metal dusting resistance, but may have issues with workability. In addition, there are also minimum requirements concerning creep resistance. It is therefore of fundamental interest, in the context of alloy design, to develop materials that has these important properties and satisfies the needs of industrial users.

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Investigations On The Effect Of Cold Work And Proton Irradiation On The EAC Behavior Of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Product Number: ED22-18528-SG

Author: Matthias Herbst, Renate Kilian, Michael Grimm

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

All tests in this program have been performed under simulated PWR primary cooling water conditions. The oxide layer development and morphology is addressed in the literature and more intensively being investigated during the last ten years. The oxide layer that is typically observed under these conditions has a double layer structure. The outer layer is composed of large particles of Fe3O4 and the inner layer mainly consists of small particles of FeCr2O4, e.g.

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Investigations on the Cavitation Erosion Behavior of Aluminium Bronze in Seawater

Product Number: 51319-13308-SG

Author: Magali Blumenau

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

In marine applications aluminium bronze is used extensively. The alloy IACS W24 Cu3/ CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C-GS is the most frequently used alloy for large ship propellers.Under certain conditions the material surface of ship propellers is damaged due to cavitation erosion. Cavitation erosion can be described as a hydrodynamic phenomenon which is related to the formation and collapse of gas bubbles in a liquid. The cyclic mechanical load on the material surface causes plastic deformation and material erosion. The addition of corrosive conditions can increase the material erosion.The aim of the following investigations is the understanding of the cavitation erosion behavior of aluminium bronze in artificial seawater with focus on the role of the complex microstructure.Towards this purpose vibratory cavitation tests in artificial sear water were carried out and the damage of the material surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition the corrosion behavior was investigated by exposure tests and registration ofcurrent density-potential-curves.The specimens for the investigations were taken from different parts of a large cast ship propeller: the propeller tip the center and near the hub. Within the propeller there is a significant difference regarding the grain size which is smallest in the tip and four times bigger in the hub. Due to higher strength in the propeller tip in comparison this area shows the smallest cavitation erosion damage.SEM observations showvarious mechanism of damage of the microstructure which includes the Cu-rich α-phase and different intermetallic κ -phases consisting of Al with Ni and Fe.Next step of the investigation was the variation of the standard alloy composition with focus on the Fe/Ni-relation and the Mn-content whereby the composition stays within the limits of the international standard requirements.The different alloy compositions show a significant influence on the formation of the complex microstructure of Aluminium bronze. The specimens with a high Ni-content show mainly the lamellar κ-phases between the α-grains and no round precipitations. Increasing the Fe-content leads to more round iron κ-phases and only a few proportion of eutectoid.The differences of the microstructure influence the mechanical strength and toughness the corrosion resistance and the cavitation erosion resistance of the alloy. The SEM-observations show a selective cavitation erosion and corrosion of the phases.Keywords: cavitation cavitation erosion cavitation corrosion aluminium bronze ship propellers microstructure

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance