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In recent years the oil and gas industry has made significant commitments to carbon reduction.1 Aligned with the goal of decreasing carbon emissions the authors have developed a corrosion inhibitor (CI-1) that is intended to protect scCO2 systems that are wet or water contaminated (1000 ppm).2 The development and composition of this corrosion inhibitor (CI) for dry scCO2 is reported elsewhere.2,3 While chemical companies have been treating high water cut, production enhanced, CO2 floods (i.e. enhanced oil recovery [EOR]) for several decades there were no inhibitors designed specifically for CO2 disposal systems or wet scCO2 systems producing CO2 for sale.4
The asset integrity of a dense phase, super critical CO2 (scCO2) production system is critical to efficient, safe, cost effective operation. Until recently these assets were managed using carbon steel lined with a thick, presumably resilient polymer. However, these polymer lined pipes pose a significant problem in terms of cracking. Corrosion behind the liner was causing a hydrogen cracking issue that was difficult to mitigate. Introduction of a specially designed scCO2 corrosion inhibitor has shown that bare carbon steel can be protected against corrosion in these harsh conditions. This new method of asset management enables more efficient, less costly, and safer operation for the operator. This paper shows data from a field trial strongly supporting the advantageous use of this new technology.
High-pressure steel pipeline is a common, cost-effective method for transporting CO2 from its point of capture to storage sites1. In pipeline transport systems, CO2 is mostly transported in its liquid or supercritical phase, depending on the operating pressure2,3, which requires compression of CO2 gas to a pressure above 80 bar (Figure 1) and avoid a two-phase flow regime in the steel pipelines. In the USA, the longest CO2 pipelines, which transport more than 40 MtCO2 per year from production point to sites in Texas, where the CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), operate in the “dense phase” mode and at ambient temperature and high pressure.
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Supercritical CO2 storage has been gaining more attention due to its wider application. It is one of the desirable solutions for reducing CO2 emission, which is an important contributor to the global climate crisis. In other cases, some of the early applications were focused on the oil and gas industry, by using supercritical CO2 to sequence the mature wells for better production [1],[2]. In those environments, C1018 carbon steel was extensively used, due to its good balance of toughness, strength, and ductility as well as its excellent weldability.
Chromate conversion coatings are relied upon to ensure the long-term corrosion performance and surface electrical properties of aluminum alloys, as well as to improve the bond strength and adhesive properties of organic coatings and adhesives. Chromate based chemistries have been all but eliminated in Europe, and it is believed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will stage their elimination in the USA within the next 5 to 10 years. The development of chemistries to replace chromate has been a hot area of research for over 30 years, and now a series of commercial alternatives have become available. These new coatings differ in their chemistry and performance characteristics, as well as their functional limitations, from chromate.