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51316-7258-Corrosion Kinetics of Carbon Steels in high Density Zn/CaBr2

Picture for Corrosion Kinetics of Carbon Steels in high Density Zn/CaBr2
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Product Number: 51316-7258-SG
ISBN: 7258 2016 CP
Author: Rudolf Hausler
Publication Date: 2016
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~~Corrosion Kinetics of Carbon Steels in high Density Zn/CaBr2Workover or Completion Fluids at High Temperatures.R. H. Hausler R. M. Krishnamurthy N. AlvaresBlade Energy Partners Houston TXAbstractSafe completion of HTHP ultra deep oil or gas wells is often carried out using high density (2.22 g/ml 18.5 ppg) brines composed most often of Zn and Ca bromides. The corrosion rate of such brines at temperatures of 175 to 230 oC (350 to 450 oF) has been reported in the literature as relatively small and inconsequential given the short residence time of these fluids in the hole during completion and or workover operations. Recently however significant corrosion damage has been observed on a carbon steel coiled tubing string during well intervention operations and on other incidental downhole workover tools. In order to resolve the resulting discrepancies a series of corrosion tests were performed using rotating cylinder probes cut from actual coiled tubing stock. Very high corrosion rates (up to 100 mm/y or 4000 mpy) were observed in the beginning of exposure. Over time the corrosion rates decreased 20 to 50 fold depending on the length of observation. This decrease was attributed to the formation of a surface film consisting of Zn-Fe bromide. While iron ions are quite soluble in the brine the Zn-Fe-Br complex on the metal surface was not and continued to grow with time. The film had a lacquer like appearance and appeared to be continuous. The kinetics were parabolic in nature revealing the protective nature of the film. Activation energies for corrosion rates under flowing as well as stagnant conditions were determined at approximately 8.5 kcal/mol.oK. This suggested mixed corrosion rate control by the electrochemical charge transfer and diffusion through the corrosion product film. Mass transfer into the solution did not seem to be rate determining because of very minor dependence on flow rate (rotational speed).
~~Corrosion Kinetics of Carbon Steels in high Density Zn/CaBr2Workover or Completion Fluids at High Temperatures.R. H. Hausler R. M. Krishnamurthy N. AlvaresBlade Energy Partners Houston TXAbstractSafe completion of HTHP ultra deep oil or gas wells is often carried out using high density (2.22 g/ml 18.5 ppg) brines composed most often of Zn and Ca bromides. The corrosion rate of such brines at temperatures of 175 to 230 oC (350 to 450 oF) has been reported in the literature as relatively small and inconsequential given the short residence time of these fluids in the hole during completion and or workover operations. Recently however significant corrosion damage has been observed on a carbon steel coiled tubing string during well intervention operations and on other incidental downhole workover tools. In order to resolve the resulting discrepancies a series of corrosion tests were performed using rotating cylinder probes cut from actual coiled tubing stock. Very high corrosion rates (up to 100 mm/y or 4000 mpy) were observed in the beginning of exposure. Over time the corrosion rates decreased 20 to 50 fold depending on the length of observation. This decrease was attributed to the formation of a surface film consisting of Zn-Fe bromide. While iron ions are quite soluble in the brine the Zn-Fe-Br complex on the metal surface was not and continued to grow with time. The film had a lacquer like appearance and appeared to be continuous. The kinetics were parabolic in nature revealing the protective nature of the film. Activation energies for corrosion rates under flowing as well as stagnant conditions were determined at approximately 8.5 kcal/mol.oK. This suggested mixed corrosion rate control by the electrochemical charge transfer and diffusion through the corrosion product film. Mass transfer into the solution did not seem to be rate determining because of very minor dependence on flow rate (rotational speed).
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51316-7257-Optimizing Current Distribution in Reinforced Concrete Cathodic Protection Systems

Product Number: 51316-7257-SG
ISBN: 7257 2016 CP
Author: Calvin Pynn
Publication Date: 2016
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This paper presents examples of anode array arrangements and corresponding attenuation characteristic calculations to enable optimization of current distribution.  It also presents examples of return current imbalances and how they may be corrected.
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51316-7265-Corrosion Behavior of Cr and Cu Containing Low Alloys Steels in Solution

Product Number: 51316-7265-SG
ISBN: 7265 2016 CP
Author: Qiu Xu
Publication Date: 2016
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Four low carbon steels with different Cr and Cu concentrations were prepared to investigate the effect of alloying elements on their corrosion behavior in 3.5% NaCl solution diluted hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid (pH=1.4-1.5) respectively. Electrochemical measurement and immersion test at room temperature characterized the corrosion behavior and evaluated the corrosion rate.
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51316-7263-CaCO3 Scale Risk Assessment - Thermodynamics vs Kinetics

Product Number: 51316-7263-SG
ISBN: 7263 2016 CP
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Publication Date: 2016
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Thermodynamic scale prediction and laboratorial kinetic study are two of the major scale risk assessment methods applied in the oil and gas industry.
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