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The spray-applied, two-component, ambient-cured polyurea, which features no VOC’s and low odor, can be applied at colder temperatures than current available coatings. This wider temperature application range extends the season for restoring outdoor concrete substrates. The technology provides quick dry times; leading to faster return-to-service and helping applicators and owners meet tight deadlines.
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13Cr-5Ni-2Mo type Super Martensitic stainless steels referred to as SMSS-13Cr type grades can provide good general corrosion resistance such as in high CO2 environments combined with higher strengths and excellent toughness2 making them a prospective material choice for long term downhole completion equipment depending on actual well conditions. One of the main limiting factors for the use of SMSS-13Cr type grades is the Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) resistance in presence of H2S in downhole well conditions. Therefore, a good understanding of this behavior is essential to facilitate the material selection process.
Fouling of equipment surfaces by siliceous salts such as silica, metal silicates,coprecipitated silica with mineral salts such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, etc.,is a serious challenge facing the technologists in the efficient operation of industrialsystems. Severe fouling at times results in premature expensive equipment replacement,early shutdown, increase in operating pressure of pumps, and enhance the probability ofcorrosion damage. In many cases, the removal of foulants leads to discontinuousoperation of the system, resulting in higher operating costs. In geothermal applications,siliceous scale typically occurs when brine is cooled in the course of brine handling andenergy extraction.
Reviewing literature related to corrosion research brings to light the importance of understanding the mechanisms involved, and how this is essential to aid in development of mathematical models for corrosion prediction. The current research documents possible mechanisms for the dissolution of pure iron in strong acid in a potential range in the potential range of ±50 mV vs. OCP, providing explanations for corrosion engineers and researchers working with mild steel. Prediction of corrosion rate relies on the precise understanding of the anodic and cathodic processes at the metal surface in the potential range close to the OCP.
The polyurea technology is not new to pipelining work, with earlier basic applications dating back more than 15 years. Much of this work was either performed by hand spraying (large diameter pipe) or simple robotic systems for individual joint sections of pipe. Continued work over the years has proven that in-place pipelines can be commercially completed as well. More recent work has even shown that in addition to long, straight runs, robotic developments have allowed for lining both 45° and 90° radius bends in the pipeline system.
Cooling water systems are commonly used to cool a process, either steam, gas or liquid, through heat exchangers or condensers in various plants. The heat exchangers or condensers can be corroded easily or have scale and biofilm growth due to the poor water treatment program. The corrosion, scale, and biofilm growth on heat exchangers can lead to significant reduction in heat exchanger efficiency and lifetime. The repair expense or loss of production often costs plants a few hundred thousand or millions of dollars per day for heavy industries, such as chemical and power plants, refineries, and steel mills. Thus, cooling water treatment is critical to maintain the integrity and efficiency of heat exchangers.
Top of line corrosion (TLC) is a specific corrosion mechanism observed in the oil and gas industry. This phenomena occurs under stratified or wet-gas flow regimes when the upper internal pipeline walls are sufficiently cooled (by heat transfer to the surrounding outer environment), promoting local condensation of water vapor. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and organic acids dissolving into the condensed water generate a change in the solution chemistry, ultimately influencing the corrosion kinetics of the contacting carbon steel.
DOWNLOADABLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. The purpose of thie Recommended Practice is to present procedures and practices for achieving effective control of external corrosion on buried or submerged metallic piping systems.
Standard for achieving effective control of external corrosion on buried or submerged metallic piping systems or other buried metallic structures. System design. Coatings. Cathodic protection criteria & installation. Control of interference currents. HISTORICAL DOCUMENT
Characteristics of water blasting methods. Equipment required. Operating procedures. Safety precautions and methods. Time requirement tables. Classifications of items, structures and surface conditions successfully cleaned. Historical Document 1972
Requirements for the design, fabrication, and surface finish of tanks to be lined for immersion service. Tanks may be lined for corrosion control or to prevent product contamination. Historical Document 1995
Procedures for applying liquid coatings to the interior of various types of oilfield production equipment used primarily for the processing and storage of corrosive fluids in oilfield operations. Historical Document 1994