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When choosing a Fire-Protection material to meet building code requirements to insulate steel for a prescribed period to facilitate safe evacuations and emergency response from commercial buildings in the event of a fire, there are many factors that influence the selection of an Intumescent Fire Resistive Material (IFRM) over a Spray Applied Fire Resistive Material (SFRM). It could be a concern of the weight of the system; Portland Cement based SFRM’s are typically much heavier and bulkier than IFRM’s. Another factor could be durability, based on either corrosion resistance or the ability to withstand considerable physical or environmental damage.
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Fireproofing is employed in refineries and petrochemical plants to minimize the escalation of a fire that would occur with the failure of structural supports and the overheating of pressure vessels. The damage that fire could potentially do very early on, could add significant fuel to the fire.
Metal and its structures corrosion is a natural process. The process started and accelerated in the presence of electrolytes [1, 2]. Thus, it's highly encouraged to stop this electrolyte passage. One of the ways to resist the passage of electrolytes is by making a barrier. The most popular method of such a barrier is an organic coating which mainly comes from polymer resin along with pigments, and additives. Different organic coatings are being used to make a barrier that can ultimately protect the metals and their structures. Epoxy, polyurethane (PU), and acrylate coatings are widely being used for this purpose.
Precipitation and deposition of wax or asphaltenes is a commonly encountered issue in the oilfield, causing flow restrictions, compromising the integrity and performance of equipment (some safety critical), limiting access during well interventions, causing “fill” in vessels, stabilizing emulsions and sometimes enhancing corrosion due to under-deposit corrosion and increased biofouling. Developing an effective management strategy that minimizes the total cost associated with these threats requires reliable prediction of whether they will occur, their severity and their location within the production system. Such prediction typically combines the use of compositional data and phase behaviour (typically referred to as “PVT data) with Equation of State (EoS) modelling plus the experimental measurement of key parameters specific to each issue.
The practice of induced heat to decontaminate a tank (pre-baking) that has been in previous service for re-lining and / or the post application heat curing (force curing) of an applied lining may be considered as a lost art known currently to the few lining specialist within the industry. The objective of the presentation is to inform or remind Owners, Specifiers, Inspectors, Applicators and Vendor Representatives of the requirements and benefits of these processes to obtain a successful relining or tank lining project and additionally attain time savings and prevent cold curing issues.
Blue discoloration of off-white sealant in contact with copper tube at medical facilities underconstruction was observed. The copper tube was being installed to transport medical-grade gasses and the sealant was used as an acoustical and smoke sealant at through-wall penetrations. In some areas of one facility, galvanized steel pipes inserts were used as sleeves for the copper pipes through the drywall, while in other areas, the copper pipe penetrated directly through the drywall. Observations of the discoloration prompted an evaluation of the copper tube, sealant, and potential adverse interactions.
Adhesion performance is required for every coating system. The adhesion between coatings and substrates is one of the most critical determining factors in the overall success of any coating material. Material design and formulation are key components of high-performance coatings and rely heavily on the accurate measurement and evaluation of adhesion in the coating systems.
Hydrocarbon production currently occurs in a variety of onshore and offshore locations. Most offshore production in shallow water (< 500 m) has reached maturity, with most of the more accessible reserves having already been exploited. As a result, exploration and production in offshore environments has been extended to deeper water (> 500 m), which usually incurs more expense and overall project risk for operators and service providers. Production from deepwater oil fields is expected to grow by 40%, to 10 million bpd (10% of total global output), by 2025.
Advanced technology high performance tank linings are often applied by plural spray equipment and occasionally one of the components could be off ratio. Worse still, some well-intentioned field personnel might add more curing agent to speed up the cure, or alter other properties, or may not utilize the entire curing agent portion in a single leg application. This paper investigates the effects of under-cure or over-cure on the performance of two high temperature tank linings by deliberately mis-mixing the two components.
Harvesting ocean energy will play an important role in supplying fossil-free energy for future generations. The oceanic environments around the world are unfortunately of the toughest possible to operate in. Most technologies use a power take-off (PTO) unit with mechanisms that are placed inside protective enclosures or sealed buoys to protect from the harsh environment in seawater. This gives a barrier from the corrosive electrolyte and biological activity that can deteriorate the components. The energy from the oceans in form of relative movements and forces are transferred to the PTOs with help from complex dynamic sealing systems.
In this paper, failure analysis methodology will be applied to the principal mechanisms by which FBE coatings fail during long term service; with specific application to case studies involving blistering. The case studies apply standard failure analysis techniques to determine the primary causes and modes of failures.
Stainless steel is selected for use in the municipal waterworks industry because of its inherent corrosion resistance properties. Designers oftentimes overlook the associated problems with coupling stainless steel with carbon steel metals. When these materials are electrically connected and placed into aqueous environments (immersion service) accelerated corrosion of the anodic carbon steel metal is initiated.