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Accident scenarios, such as a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), subject claddings to rapid thermal transients, internal loading, and a high temperature steam environment. Understanding cladding behavior in this dynamic setting allows for better assessment of safety concerns such as coolant flow blockage and fuel relocation and dispersal. Improvement in model predictability and multi-physics fuel performance codes such as BISON are at the forefront of cladding related research. Particularly, efforts aim at addressing model accuracy to support burnup extension and increases in fuel cycle lengths.
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Galvanized protective coatings have been used for structural steel to mitigate steel corrosion in atmospheric exposures and chloride-rich marine environments. The galvanizing process involves dipping steel elements free of surface mill scale in a molten zinc bath where the diffusion of zinc into the steel matrix allows for zinc-iron alloy layers of decreasing zinc concentrations by depth to form in the steel. Oher elements such as tin, antimony and aluminum may be added to the galvanizing bath to control reaction rates, surface appearance and corrosion behavior. Hot-dipped galvanizing provides corrosion protection by developing a barrier layer and in certain conditions provide beneficial galvanic coupling of the zinc-rich layers to the steel.
The hydrogen economy envisions the use of gaseous hydrogen (herein referred to as hydrogen) as an energy carrier for the reduction of carbon emissions. Transportation of hydrogen from the upstream source (generation location) to the end-user will be necessary to maximize the carbon reduction potential switching from natural gas to pure hydrogen or hydrogen blended natural gas products. A proposed, economically viable option is to utilize the existing and extensive natural gas pipeline infrastructure in the United States.
In the oil and gas industry, sand production can lead to blockage of pipelines, corrosion and erosion, which may cause the failure of the fluid transport system, pipeline leakage, and consequently environmental contamination. In the process of fluid transportation, the pipe walls are always impacted by particles entrained in flowing fluid. As a result, the corresponding erosive wear may be detrimental to pipe wall structural integrity. Although sand screens and gravel packs are frequently used to minimize sand production, technical and economic challenges or limitations with these practices are still present in the industry1.
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is a serious threat to our pipeline infrastructure. Past SCC failures have shown that both NN pH SCC and high pH SCC may lead to catastrophic pipeline failure. This is due to the formation of cracks that are difficult to detect. Moreover, SCC is difficult to predict, as multiple mechanisms must interact to lead to the formation of these cracks.
Bimetal composite pipes composed of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys have attracted increasing attention for the applications in the fields of transferring pipes, downhole tubes, reservoirs and heat exchangers. It shows superior properties such as corrosion resistance of the corrosion resistant alloys and formability, and mechanical properties of carbon steels, which satisfy the requirements of both anti-corrosion and mechanical properties applied in oil and gas filed with an affordable price.
A series of manufacturing methods for the fabrication of bimetal composite pipes, including mechanical bonding method, welded pipe using the clad plate and inner surfacing welding clad pipe, have been applied in recent years.
Impressed current rectifiers are the backbone of a pipeline operator’s cathodic protection (CP) systems. A rectifier’s ability to protect a large length of electrically continuous pipeline considerably improves efficiencies and reduces material costs as compared to galvanic systems. However, like galvanic anodes, impressed current anodes are a consumable asset, and require replacement at the end of their service life to ensure that the rectifier can continue to adequately protect the pipeline.
Corrosion of reinforcing steel is the most significant cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Exposure to de-icing salts, seawater and chloride-containing set accelerators can play a significant role in reinforcing steel corrosion. Long-term exposure to carbon dioxide is also cited as a contributor to the corrosion of steel in concrete as well.
Energy producing companies use pipelines to transport energy from point A to point B. When the pipeline thickness at a location falls below a certain threshold, there is risk of leakage that could result in serious economic losses, personal injury, or damage to the environment. Pipeline integrity management is a performance-based process that handles pipeline serviceability and failure prevention.
It is well understood that unless a surface is properly prepared prior to the application of a coating or surface treatment, adhesion and the expected lifetime of the material is quite minimal. Preparation generally falls under one of two options: either utilization of particle or grit-blasting, or the use of waterjetting. Typically, waterjetting of surfaces in preparation for application of coatings or surface treatments is only conducted on metal substrates that contain a previous profile from either operational wear (corrosion pitting) or previously abrasive blasted surfaces.