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Potential attenuation equation for pipelines and risers with multiple, equally spaced, identical superimposed spherical (bracelet) galvanic anodes that incorporates all relevant resistance terms (anode, coating, polarization, and metallic return path) has been modified for situations where anodes are displaced.
A recently proposed, first-principles based potential attenuation equation, for pipelines and risers with multiple, equally spaced, identical superimposed spherical (bracelet) galvanic anodes that incorporates all relevant resistance terms (anode, coating, polarization, and metallic return path) has been modified for situations where anodes are displaced. The equation is solved numerically using the Coordinate Mapping Based Finite Difference Method, and potential versus distance plots are provided for several examples with accuracy being proven by independent calculations. The solutions are compared with those of the classical equation of Uhlig, and it is concluded that the latter is overly conservative in situations where the pipeline or a portion there of lies in the potential field of the anode. It is demonstrated further how the equation can be employed for pipelines polarized by impressed current anodes. Key words: Cathodic protection, pipelines, inclusive equation, attenuation, offset anodes.
A previously developed first principles based equation for potential attenuation along marine pipelines and risers with multiple, equally spaced, identical galvanic anodes was modified to accommodate an error in its derivation.
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New cathodic protection (CP) criteria were developed based on AC and DC current densities measured using coupons. Using these criteria, the design of CP systems for newly constructed pipelines, paralleling high voltage AC power lines, and DC rail transit systems, was successfully performed.