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This report provides the most current technology and industry practices for the internal in-situ cleaning and coating application in an existing steel pipeline. This report presents general practices and preferences in regard to the cleaning, surface preparation, drying, and the application of a coating in a steel pipeline by the pig (scraper) batching method. It is applicable to onshore or offshore steel pipelines in all industries including the oil and gas gathering, distribution, and transmission industries. It is also applicable to welded steel water and brine handling pipelines.
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3D corrosion measurement techniques described in this report can be performed in the field, laboratory, plant environment, or other related facilities. Corrosion measurements are obtained under widely varying field conditions and plant environments. This report provides the user with the background needed to make testing decisions in the field or laboratory based on the technical facts available at the time of publication.
This technical report provides descriptions of the corrosion pitting measurement techniques used on underground and aboveground piping, tanks, and vessels using 3D optical imaging tools. This report includes those corrosion measurement techniques that relate to the ASME B31.8, API 579, or special conditions in NACE SP0502
Coating/lining manufacturers and/or facility owners frequently specify cleaning and roughening of the concrete surface prior to product installation. The specifications may reference qualitative methods including visual assessments using comparison coupons or quantitative methods including surface profile depth measurements. However, prior to this Technical Report, there was no known data to inform a conversion between qualitative and quantitative methods. The outcomes of this Technical Report enable coating manufacturers, engineers, specifiers, and contractors to convert well-established qualitative methods to quantitative values based on an interlaboratory experiment. While current quantitative methods can measure up to 6 mm (250 mils), extremely rough concrete surfaces (exceeding ~1.5 mm, or ~50 mils) were not included in the experiment due to the inability to stabilize the instrument probe and obtain accurate data.
This report explains different types of corrosion phenomena and contributing factors of corrosion that can occur in fire protection systems (FPS), such as water corrosivity, MIC, trapped air (wet systems), residual water (dry systems), and pipe weld corrosion. The basis for selection of corrosion mitigation strategies for corrosion mitigation and management of FPS are also discussed.
Corrosion that results in pipe leakage or obstruction is the most significant issue for owners of water-based FPS or fire sprinkler systems, in terms of both cost and system reliability. Corrosion damage/products and mineral deposits can impair the effectiveness of sprinkler systems, leaving facilities vulnerable to uncontrolled fire loss even though they are equipped with fire protection systems. This report describes practices that have been successful in mitigating FPS corrosion.
Corrosion of reinforcing steel is the most significant cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Exposure to de-icing salts, seawater and chloride-containing set accelerators can play a significant role in reinforcing steel corrosion. Long-term exposure to carbon dioxide is also cited as a contributor to the corrosion of steel in concrete as well.
This paper focuses on a case history and projects that involve both multiple design teams and contractors to demonstrate how establishing a centralized corrosion control program benefits the utility owner, and to also point out the challenges.
Many pipelines within water and wastewater treatment plants that were constructed within the last 50 years are nearing the end of their service lives. Owners have invested in condition assessments to help them make the difficult decision to repair or replace these pipelines.
An energy company hired a contractor to remove and replace the linings of water box condensers during a maintenance shut down. This case history will give a summary of the scope of work, a review of the specification, a description of the work performed, an accounting of the in-process inspection, and a summary of lessons learned during the project.
This multi-author/expert book, Coatings Failures: Analysis and Solutions--Linings, features case studies covering the failure--and fixture--of linings in an assortment of applications. The authors emphasize that the interior linings of tanks and pipes--and even railcars--is just as important as exterior coatings.
The performance of the interior lining correlates with the proper choice and application of the correct coating system.
The methods of investigating the failure include laboratory analyses, studies focused on the environment of the failure, infrared spectroscopy, suggestions on the steps that any investigation needs to consider, etc.
2023 AMPP e-book, color, 52 pages
2023 AMPP, color, 52 pages
Liquid-applied protective linings are commonly used to protect concrete structures found within water and wastewater treatment facilities. There are a number of referenced industry standards and guidelines detailing the construction of new concrete, evaluation of existing concrete, and surface preparation of concrete. This paper provides recommendations based on industry standards and related publications, as well as drawn from practical experience for preparing concrete for immersion conditions or chemical containment service in water and wastewater treatment.
The major damage mechanisms for Precast Concrete Cylinder Pipe (PCCP) are well-known for both water transmission mains and wastewater force mains.