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Recent project experiences in the Arabian Gulf Region have shown that weld fracture is the governing limit state for subsea pipelines subject to lateral buckling loads. This is due to the small axial strain limits which can be allowed to minimize impact on weld repair rate for offshore pipeline installation. Considering the absence of reported weld fracture failures due to lateral buckling, it is possible that the safety margins used in fracture verification due to buckling can be further optimized. For instance, in a recent work scope to validate an existing pipeline for higher operating temperature it was found that the maximum allowable strain would be 0.252%. This was less than the 0.4% strain limit associated with radiographic NDT as considered at the design stage when the pipeline was installed in 2012. In other work scopes, the maximum allowable strain due to lateral buckling was 0.18% which is also significantly less than the historic 0.4% used in pipeline design codes and standards. The above supports the argument that although pipeline fracture analysis procedures are fully mature and well established, these procedures do not necessarily capture the complexities involved in dealing with pipelines susceptible to lateral buckling taking into account the statistical distributions of buckle location along the pipeline route, defect location, defect size, material strength, crack growth constants and a number of other parameters. This paper outlines a procedure for implementing fracture verification of pipelines susceptible to lateral buckling based on probabilistic approach. It is shown that this procedure can reduce the conservatism in the deterministic approach usually used and can help reduce unnecessary weld repairs during pipe-lay operations
Recently the oil, gas and petrochemical sectors have been facing together safety, environmental and mechanical integrity regulations as well as challenges associated with the need for cost reduction to improve competitiveness. Therefore, continual inspection and corrosion control health assessments and investigations are key towards sustaining reliability and availability together with value creation through avoiding unplanned production loss and asset failures. The present paper discusses an inspection and corrosion control technical assessment performed on thirteen (13) subsea flowlines. These flowlines supply wet sour gas feed from two offshore fields, gather through two 36 in” trunk lines. In order to meet the health and integrity objective, the assessment covers a review on the susceptibility and control of three (3) damage mechanisms using available literature covering field and empirical data. In addition, a review and discussion on the available and required inspection methods to combat the susceptible damage mechanisms are performed. This review is extended to an exploration and evaluation of (6) inline inspection techniques and two (2) remotely operated vehicles (ROV) to complement damage mechanism inspection methods.
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The continuous improvements in the Oil&Gas Industry to deal with reliability and maintainability objectives, higher operational reliability, improved safety, and emergency readiness for potential risk of unexpected events have led the Offshore Companies to be in the forefront of development of design and analysis methodology for integrity assessment and safety operation. The architecture of an integrated model targeting the major residual risks to the asset, new generations of internal and external inspection techniques, real-time monitoring sensors, material degradation prediction related to the actual and future operational conditions and machine learning methods are, as identified from the experiences of the authors, the new frontiers for the Pipeline Integrity Management. The advance in automation process to build pipeline digital twin, looking at new predictive and diagnosis tool by advanced FE models allows not only thinking defensively but also in taking an aggressive position toward safety and asset optimization. Plenty of attention was devoted to the 40 years of pipeline integrity assessment through which the engineering assessment takes advantage from inspection and operational data. Suite of services for an integrated solution including ad-hoc engineering and repair system readiness have been identified as the main pillars for best-in-class Operators. Case histories and integrated solution to ensure satisfactory performance and safety have been presented.
Risk-based inspection is a business process and improvement tool to enhance asset performance as well as asset life. This paper intends to discuss risk-based coating inspection parameters to enhance coating/lining life and prevent and or mitigate the corrosion threat to assets. This paper further discusses each key aspect of protective coating/lining inspection parameters and its intended purpose.