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Gypsum scale formation takes place directly on the surface of heat exchanger without bulk or spontaneous precipitation in the reaction cell. Polymeric and non-polymeric inhibitors have been examined for their effects on the rate of scale formation.
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Seawater biofouling is a major threat in heat exchanger operations. It decreases the heat transfer efficiency and service life of heat exchangers1,2. The formation of deposits caused by biofouling on the heat exchanger metal surfaces increases surface roughness and decreases cross-sectional flow area, which leads to higher friction loss in fluid flow3,4. Mitigation methods, including surface scrubbing, fluidizing bed heat exchangers, cleaning-in-place and dosing anti-fouling chemicals, are the main ways to tackle biofouling5. Conventional approaches to treat biofouled components by periodic electrochlorination or acid flushes are costly and environmentally hazardous. Huge costs are associated with heat exchanger biofouling losses, but there is still a lack of research to develop heat-conducting antifouling coatings to heat exchangers3.
There is a critical need to mitigate undesirable fouling of seawater-based titanium heat exchangers (HEs) used in US Navy vessels. Heat exchangers are widely used in Navy ships to cool operating fluids and gases, and seawater is the preferred cooling medium since it is readily available. However, fouling will form while ocean water circulates through the heat exchanger tubes or plates, decreasing the heat transfer efficiency and increasing fluid resistance.
This NACE Standard describes a variety of devices used for on-line monitoring of fouling, corrosion, and other parameters in recirculating cooling tower water systems.
On-line monitoring of fouling, corrosion, and other parameters in recirculating cooling tower water systems. Fouling and corrosion rates. Predicting service life. Optimizing operation. Solutions.
Three types of test heat exchangers...valuable in many operating cooling towers: (1) Multiple tube steam-heated exchanger (2) Two tube steam-heated exchanger (3) Single tube electrically heated visual monitor Historical Document 1988
This NACE standard test method describes a multiple-tube test heat exchanger that can be used by process industry facilities to monitor corrosion and fouling control in cooling tower water systems. Historical Document 1994
Case study: A Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage facility in northern Alberta, Canada is examined as it experienced two very similar failures in heat exchanger tubes within 2 years of each other due to a boiler feedwater tank without a nitrogen blanket and a low flow condition.
Testing is performed in seawater cooled scale model heat exchangers with 0.5 ppm residual chlorine during a period of 18 months. Thus, it shows a corrosion resistance of the materials at a heat flux representative to a tube skin temperature up to 95°C inside in the seawater.