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The 2304 duplex stainless steel is an alternative to 316L SS in marine applications, while its MIC behavior is barely known. Surface analysis and electrochemical techniques were used to study the corrosion behavior of 2304 DSS caused by the marine aerobe Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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The goal of this research was to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of cathodic protection (CP) by determining the interactions between corrosion and local chemical parameters, such as pH, under varying CP conditions, both in the absence and presence of MIC.
In Oil & Gas industries, Cr-Ni-Mo stainless steels and Ni-Cr-Mo alloys with Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) lower than 40 could be selected for Rigid Production subsea risers, pipeline, and associated structure’s piping, according to a CO2/H2S corrosion assessment that considers all steady and transient conditions foreseen to operate the reservoir.
However, there are frequently some localized corrosion concerns for these materials during the installation and pre-commissioning of the line, when the internal surface of the line could be in contact temporarily with untreated seawater. These concerns systematically lead to discard the selection of these materials and to select, for conservative purpose, UNS N06625 that is admitted immune to localized corrosion in ambient seawater in international standard and operator’s specification, whatever the outcomes of the CO2/H2 corrosion assessment.
In natural seawater, microorganisms can fix, grow and develop on practically any surface, including stainless steels.The term biofilm is generally used for communities of microorganisms embedded in an organic polymer matrix (e.g. exopolysaccharides), produced by the microorganisms themselves) and adhering to a surface, irrespective of the environment in which they develop. Stainless steels are widely used for different applications in seawater such as the oil and gas, desalination and marine energy industries. The presence of a biofilm on passive alloys such as stainless steels or nickel-based alloys can strongly enhance the cathodic reactions, and shift their open-circuit potential (OCP) to the noble direction.
MIC is a problem in the oil and gas industry due to seawater injection. Biocides lead to resistance by microbes over time. In this work, D-amino acids were used to enhance the tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS) biocide against a tough field biofilm consortium.
Microbial influenced corrosion is a type of corrosion caused by microorganisms attached to the metal surface or by their activity. The first one who noted the MIC was Gaines in 1910 [1], followed by research about the graphitization of cast irons in anaerobic soils in 1934 [2]. Nowadays, attention to MIC problems increased significantly.
Stainless steels have been used for a wide range of applications in seawater. They are known to be susceptible to localized corrosion under given conditions. This is often the limiting factor for the use of stainless steels for seawater applications.
Microbial contamination in the development of unconventional oil and gas formations can cause numerous problems, including formation plugging, microbial induced corrosion, and well souring, all of which can have a negative effect on well productivity and quality of oil and gas. The most common method to control microbial contamination during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations is through the use of biocides. Traditional oil and gas biocides such as glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium blends struggle to provide effective microbial control under the severe conditions encountered during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations.
MIC is a major threat to oil pipelines because it reduces the service life of pipelines and can potentially leads to catatrophes. Microbial communities commonly associated with pipeline corrosion include sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), acid producing bacteria (APB), acetogenic bacteria and methanogens. In a field environment, SRB, APB and other microbes often live in a synergistic biofilm consortium. Sessile SRB are often the main culprit of MIC. They can utilize sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor and various carbon sources and elemental iron as electron donors. Corrosive APB biofilms are also a contributing factor in an acidic environment because they release H+ which is an oxidant.
Seawater biofouling is a major threat in heat exchanger operations. It decreases the heat transfer efficiency and service life of heat exchangers1,2. The formation of deposits caused by biofouling on the heat exchanger metal surfaces increases surface roughness and decreases cross-sectional flow area, which leads to higher friction loss in fluid flow3,4. Mitigation methods, including surface scrubbing, fluidizing bed heat exchangers, cleaning-in-place and dosing anti-fouling chemicals, are the main ways to tackle biofouling5. Conventional approaches to treat biofouled components by periodic electrochlorination or acid flushes are costly and environmentally hazardous. Huge costs are associated with heat exchanger biofouling losses, but there is still a lack of research to develop heat-conducting antifouling coatings to heat exchangers3.