AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'corrosion'

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Investigating the Interaction of Brine Solutions and Diluted Inhibited HCl Acid on Coiled Tubing Steel Corrosion

Product Number: 51320-14596-SG

Author: N. Chkolny, J. Burns, D. Maley, C. Wiggins

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Coiled tubing is defined as a continuous tubular product that is used for oil and gas well interventions. Its popularity continues to grow due to its versatility and speed of operation. Though superior grades of metal alloys exist in terms of corrosion resistance, coiled tubing operations primarily employ high-strength low-alloy steels because of their availability, lower cost and weldability. The low-alloy steel can also be thermo-mechanically controlled to elicit specific material properties, such as yield strength and ductility. These coiled tubing steels are often introduced into potentially corrosive downhole conditions, therefore proper testing must be completed to ensure adequate corrosion protection prior to job execution. Downhole corrosive conditions often encountered include; oxygen saturated fluids, elevated temperatures, exposure to oxidizing agents, hydrochloric acid and highly concentrated brines. Often these fluids will be recirculated in a closed loop system, consistently re-exposing equipment to potentially damaging conditions. Frequently, these challenging conditions faced are tested individually with pressurized mass loss coupon testing at bottom hole conditions. However, due to a recent coiled tubing incident in which the coiled tubing pipe had completely parted downhole, the post-job incident investigation involving SEM and metallographic analysis revealed pitting corrosion throughout the tubing, despite the pre-job testing performed indicating adequate acid corrosion protection for the entirety of the job. A literature review indicated very little research was available involving the possible interaction of brine solutions and diluted acid on coiled tubing carbon steels. This paper aims to investigate the possible corrosive interactions between salt brines and inhibited acid blends at elevated temperatures on high grade coiled tubing coupon samples through metallographic examinations and mass loss tests in pressurized heated cells. Coiled tubing coupons will be exposed to a variety of acid blends diluted with a 10% brine (8% wt NaCl and 2% wt CaCl2) or fresh water to investigate the possibility of corrosion enhancement between saline fluids in a diluted acid system.

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Investigation & Mitigation Of Corroding Unbonded Post-Tension Tendons

Product Number: 51322-17781-SG

Author: Lenard Mancs, David Whitmore

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Unbonded post-tensioned reinforcement in concrete structures has been used for many years in elevated slabs (parking garages and residential or commercial buildings), residential foundations, walls, and columns and more recently in bridge structures. The use of unbonded post-tensioned reinforcing allows for unique and cost-effective design and construction that include: thinner concrete sections, longer spans between supports, stiffer walls to resist lateral loads, and stiffer foundations to resist the effects of shrinking and swelling soils.

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Investigation of Polymeric Elastomers for Cavitation and Erosion Resistance

Product Number: 51323-18950-SG

Author: Allen Skaja, Christine Henderson

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cavitation occurs in localized areas where there is a pressure drop across a structure; the water goes through a phase transition and forms water vapor. These vapor bubbles implode, resulting in high velocity micro-jets which impact adjacent surfaces. These impacts release shockwaves of energy, which cause microscopic particles of the surface material to flake off.1 Repeated micro-jet impact causes microfractures in the affected surfaces and leads to pitting.

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Investigation of the Corrosion Performance of Stainless Steel and Low Alloy Steel Sucker Rod Materials in Aggressive Environments

Product Number: 51320-14321-SG

Author: Aleksey Shakhmatov, Oscar Martinez, Robert Badrak, Sergey Kolesov, Rodrigo Barreto, William Howie

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

The corrosion resistance of sucker rod materials can be a significant concern, especially in aggressive service environments with high acid gas concentrations. Corrosion-related failures have been associated with increased levels of produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The presence of corrosion damage, which is characterized by local material dissolution and pitting formation under the influence of CO2 and/or H2S, provides the initiation sites in a fatigue cracking mechanism. The fatigue crack propagation in corrosion aggressive environments is associated with the following factors: (1) local tensile stress concentration at crack tip, and (2) local corrosion dissolution. Therefore, using a material that tends to re-passivate as it interacts with the environment would be the optimum solution in order to mitigate the likelihood of field failures and reduce overall operating costs. Regarding passive film disruption processes abrasion and high temperature influences were not considered at this stage of the present study and repassivation kinetics were not measured. Conventional sucker rod production processes include normalize and temper (N&T) or quench and temper (Q&T) heat treatments to meet desired strength levels of low alloy steels. In order to enhance the corrosion properties and provide a resistant sucker rod solution, 13Cr martensitic stainless steel may provide a viable alternative to low alloys steels. This paper focuses on the characterization of 13Cr sucker rod material by comparing the general corrosion and corrosion fatigue performance with low-alloy steels.

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Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Al-Zn-Bi based Sacrificial Anode in Artificial Seawater

Product Number: 51323-19472-SG

Author: Ameeq Farooq, Muhammad Haris Qureshi, Umair Altaf

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Steel is a common material for the construction of large infrastructures. It is a main constituent used for building of, offshore drilling platforms, steel cast dock, pipeline in seabed, coastal bridges and ship hulls. Corrosion of offshore structures is a serious matter in terms of degradation and deterioration of these structures in a corrosive electrolyte such as seawater, which could lead to fatigue cracks, brittle failure and unstable failure.

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IOW Analysis With Installed UT Sensors: How Process Changes Impact Corrosion Rates

Product Number: 51322-17611-SG

Author: Mitchell Gribi, Rebecca Henderson, Ivan Morales, Rebecca Franco, Zackary Lerch

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Many asset owners struggle to identify the root cause of fluctuating corrosion rates due to unreliable inspection data. Facilities worldwide are tasked with monitoring thousands of Condition Monitoring Locations (CMLs) with established NDE techniques such as manual ultrasonic testing and radiography. While these techniques can provide valuable “snapshots” of the condition of particular locations, limitations and inherent errors can compound leading to ill-advised decision making. Manually taken thickness data can vary greatly and result in unwarranted complacency or excessive and costly inspections.

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IOW Analysis with Wireless UT Sensors: How Changes Impact Corrosion Rates

Product Number: MECC23-20018-SG

Author: Steve Strachan; Mitch Gribi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Many asset owners struggle to identify the root cause of fluctuating corrosion rates due to unreliable, infrequent, or sheer lacks of quantity of inspection data to make informed decisions on asset health. Facilities worldwide are tasked with monitoring thousands of Condition Monitoring Locations (CMLs) with established NDE techniques such as manual ultrasonic testing and radiography. While these techniques can provide valuable “snapshots” of the condition of particular locations, limitations and inherent errors can compound leading to ill-advised decision making.

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Is the Standardized SSC Testing Approach Applicable for Dense Phase CO2 Applications?

Product Number: 51324-20933-SG

Author: Klas Solberg; Kari Lønvik ; Riccardo Rizzo; Erling Østby; Bente Leinum

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Increased tolerance levels for impurities in CO2 compositions for pipeline transport will give considerable value to CCS projects. Increasing the allowable H2S limits may impose a risk for sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and corrosion. ISO 15156 defines the testing requirements for SSC for oil and gas production, however, CCS applications are not considered in the standard and need to be fully understood in order to provide the right requirements. This work presents preliminary results from an ongoing project with the objective to establish the allowable H2S limit in pipelines transporting CO2 and to establish whether it is possible to represent dense phase SSC behavior by testing in ambient conditions. Autoclave four-point bending test results and simulations are presented and further used to discuss the implications of correlating the dense phase conditions to ambient conditions.

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Laboratory experiments vs Field experience – Localized corrosion performance of lean duplex stainless steel UNS S32202 in municipal wastewater treatment plants

Product Number: 51323-19159-SG

Author: Audrey Allion, Charles David, Benoit Emo, Nicolas Larché

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Thanks to their good corrosion resistance and ease to shape and weld, austenitic stainless steel grades (e.g. UNS S31603) are used as standard materials for the construction of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The main factors influencing the corrosiveness of the fluids in WWTP are halides concentration (more specifically chlorides), H2S content, low pH, temperature and their combined effects.

In municipal wastewater streams, chloride content, known to be one of the critical agents affecting the stability of protective passive layers for stainless steels2, is usually around 50-200 mg/L and in this content range does not present major issues for the austenitic grade.

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Laboratory Study of Internal Corrosion and Cathodic Protection Concerns Related to Offshore Monopile Structures

Product Number: 51323-18894-SG

Author: Suresh Divi, Adam Rowe, Dan Efird

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

There have been several studies and publications over the past decade that clearly illustrate how initial assumptions about monopile interiors being perfectly sealed compartments were not correct in practice. Oxygen ingress through various points in the monopile contributes to persistent internal corrosion, and planned inspections are also opportunities to introduce fresh oxygen into the monopile. The replenishment of oxygen has been found to continue the corrosion reaction between the monopile wall and entrapped water.

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Lack-of-Fusion-like Root Flaws in Stainless Steel Welds

Product Number: 51317--9111-SG

ISBN: 9111 2017 CP

Author: Kasra Sotoudeh

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper describes lack-of-fusion-like flaws, which can be formed at weld toes, particularly in pipe butt welds in duplex grades of stainless steel. Some adverse microstructural and geometrical effects associated with those flaws are characterized on actual joints.

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LAY-UP CONSTRUCTABILITY CHALLENGES IN CROSS COUNTRY GAS PIPELINES

Product Number: MPWT19-15299

Author: Mostafa A. Alabudib

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Lay-up is a process that provides internal protection on equipment (pipeline, piping, heat exchanger...etc.) and controls internal corrosion by ensuring water and oxygen-free environments. Corrosion may occur and be accelerated by water contact after hydrostatic testing and even a small amount of stagnant water and oxygen ingress will cause bacteria to grow in water which may result in loss of thickness due to high concentration of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and accelerate internal corrosion in equipment due to Microbiological Induced Corrosion (MIC). Lay-up helps to greatly reduce these risks of internal corrosion and provide assurance of design life. The objective of this study is to identify constructability challenges faced during construction and carry out a lay-up in a cross country pipeline in gaseous services. Six challenges are discussed and explored in the study including: the long duration from water fill to final lay-up, pipeline segments are used as water reservoirs, intermediate/segment lay-up, failure to maintain lay-up, indefinite lay-up periods, and rainwater. A case scenario is used to demonstrate the extent of these challenges and issues. It is hoped that this study will help avoid and minimize these constructability challenges in future cross country gas pipelines projects.

Products tagged with 'corrosion'

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