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HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. Conducting four-point bend tests to evaluate resistance of metals to sulfide stress and stress corrosion cracking. Determine aggressiveness of environments. Qualify and rank metals for service
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New axially loaded full ring test method which was developed and demonstrated to combine the benefits of retaining a full as-welded pipe pup-piece, permitting single-sided exposure, with the advantage of tensile loading of the complete tubular specimen.
The sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance of carbon steels and other alloys is commonly addressed through testing according to NACE TM01771 or NACE TM03162. The Method A of the first standard is focused on tests using uniaxial tensile (UT) while the second standard considers 4-point bend (4PB) type of loads. A common way of qualifying a material according to these standards is the absence of failure of the specimens or SSC crack initiation at the surface of the material after a test duration of 720 hours (1 month). After testing, cross-sectional observations of non-broken specimens often reveal so-called “grooves” that can be significantly different in shape and depth depending on the test method, steel grade or environment considered.
The Double Cantilever Beam test method in ANSI NACE TM0177 is increasingly applied as a QA test. In this analysis, influence of various side-groove root configurations (considered to change the stress concentration) on KISSC and Finite Element Analysis results were focused upon.
Pipeline Coatings provides the reader with a history of generic pipeline coating types, technical information about testing, application, and use. There is very practical information about selection and evaluation methods for each type of coating system to help those who design pipeline systems. There is also discussion of how coatings work with cathodic protection (CP), CP shielding by coatings, and other related issues with the various coating systems related to CP.
Seamless X60QOS and X65QOS line pipes are widely used for offshore and onshore Sour Service applications. Sour Service refers to the risk of hydrogen related cracking as Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC). The International standard (NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156) provides requirements for assessing the resistance to SSC, specifically on how to qualify for use in region 3 of the environmental severity diagram (Figure 1 in paragraph 7.2.1.2 of part 2). It is requested to expose materials in an acid solution saturated by 1 bar of H2S (NACE TM0177 Solution A) and to apply a tensile stress above 80% AYS by means of different methods: uniaxial tensile, C-ring or Four-Points Bend. However, for very sour fields presenting H2S partial pressures much higher than 1 bar, the preservation of the SSC resistance might be questioned and is presently a major concern for the O&G industry.The present paper is dedicated to the evaluation of the SSC resistance of seamless quenched and tempered X65 grades, including the girth weld in the standard NACE TM0177 Solution A up to 15 bar of H2S partial pressure. Corrosion tests consisted of four-point bend tests performed in autoclave vessels. Different test configurations were investigated as specimen sampling locations through the wall thickness and surface state preparation.
Seamless X60QOS and X65QOS linepipes are widely used for Sour Service offshore and onshore applications. Sour Service refers to the risk of hydrogen related cracking, such as by Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC). The International standard NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 provides requirements for assessing the resistance to SSC, specifically on how to qualify for use in region 3 of the environmental severity diagram (Figure 1 in paragraph 7.2.1.2 of part 2). Qualification requires exposing materials in an acid solution saturated by 1 bar of H2S (NACE TM0177 Solution A) and to apply a tensile stress above 80% AYS by means of different methods: uniaxial tensile, C-ring or Four-Point Bend. However, for very sour fields presenting H2S partial pressures much greater than 1 bar, the preservation of the SSC resistance might be questioned and is presently a major concern for the O&G industry.
检测、修补和缓解炼厂压力容器在湿H2S环境下发生开裂的
DOWNLOADABLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. Detection, repair, and mitigation of cracking of carbon steel pressure vessels, including columns, heat exchangers, drums, reboilers & separators in wet H2S petroleum refinery environments.