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In the oil and gas industry, oil country tubular goods and linepipes are exposed to the wet H2S environment (sour environment) in some cases. The presence of H2S promotes hydrogen entry into steel due to the catalytic action of H2S. The absorbed hydrogen enhanced by H2S affects hydrogen embrittlement.
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Application of sour linepipes has expanded toward severe sour environment regions including higher H2S partial pressure conditions. In 2013, actual sour gas pipeline failure occurred due to SSC (Newbury et al., 2018). One of the possible root cause of SSC was assumed to be a formation of hard spots in asurface region of steel. Fairchild et al. investigated and proposed three hard zone formation mechanisms including carbon contamination, dual phase microstructure and heat transfer variation in a recent paper (Fairchild et al., 2019; Newbury et al., 2019).
The current paper deals with a thorough analysis of these newly recognized LHZ with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) investigations through the wall thickness of pipes. Internal diameter (ID) surface, intermediate zone and bulk metal microstructures showed an increase of a strong misorientation while approaching the ID. Thus, LHZ is characterized by the presence of lath and especially lower bainite type microstructures associated to high local hardness above the NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156 limits for sour service applications.