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Fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coated pipelines are extensively used throughout the world for transportation of various types of fluids and gases1. New and unused FBE coated pipes often end up being stockpiled in open yards for various reasons such as delay in start of a project, excess inventory etc. Outdoor exposure for long durations results in the physical and chemical degradation of the coating. This happens due to the interaction of the oxygen and moisture in the air, and the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun which causes photo-oxidative degradation of the polymer in the coating.
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Stress development in epoxy coatings applied in water ballast tanks (WBT) on ships can lead to cracking, corrosion, and failure of ship’s hulls, with catastrophic consequences to the environment as well as loss of seamen at sea. Typically, these cracks do not appear during application and curing of the coating but after some finite time of service. The financial wellbeing of the ship’s owner can suffer greatly. To avoid such cracking, it is critical to have a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms and primary controlling factors behind the coating cracks.
Fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) is the primary coating used in North America for new pipeline construction and is strongly featured in the Middle East1. Pre-coated FBE pipe is routinely stockpiled and stored in large quantities at several locations close to pipeline right-of-ways. Once stockpiled, most of the pipesremain un-used until an inspection and remediation program is initiated2. Integrity projects purchase FBE coated pipe in advance and stockpile it until it is required. In addition, project delays and left-over pipe from completed projects can cause stockpiling for future use for undetermined periods of time. Under ultraviolet (UV) exposure in the presence of air, photooxidative degradation of FBE coatings occurs due to photometrical reactions arising from UV absorption.
The market for protective linings in the oil and gas sector has evolved in the last 30 years, reflecting on both increased performance demands and productivity demands. This paper will review the successes seen with tank linings and the changes seen within the market (legislative, HSE and more aggressive conditions), later, via a case study it will elaborate how these have steered R&D in the development of the next generation of high-performance linings.Finally, the relevance of the American Petroleum Guidance (API652 and 653) to establish their continued relevance in lining selection and inspection intervals will be reviewed along with the utilization of linings to support changing demands (increased life expectancy and inspection intervals).
For the last 20 years polyurethane has been the leading topcoat technology in corrosion systems for both marine and industrial use. Performance, protection, appearance and total cost effectiveness are some of the factor’s customers have taken into consideration. Customers have a long list of demands and polyurethane has become a technology choice for a wide number of end markets.
Coatings are integral to a corrosion prevention strategy, especially with a multilayered system and cathodic protection. While these systems have redundancies and are designed with extended lifetimes, it is important to understand how each part of the system performs under stress. There are many coating chemistries out there for corrosion prevention, such as liquid epoxies and polyurethanes, but Fusion Bonded Epoxy systems have many favorable properties for scenarios that require the most cost-effective, resilient solution.