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In a bioinspired approach, we have used (as scale inhibitors) several non-toxic, “green” polyelectrolytes that possess “active” chemical moieties, capable of stabilizing silicic acid, for a prolonged time period. These additives include either neutral or charged polymers that stabilize two soluble forms of “Si”, silicic and disilicic acids.
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As environmentally friendly coatings, inks, and adhesive systems have evolved; additives have also evolved in chemistry, structure and effectiveness. This overview strives to present these new additive technologies in three areas: surfactants, dispersants, and defoamers. The chemical nature of these additives and subsequent performance in a variety of systems will be described.
Insulative coatings are prompting significant interest with increasing environmental and safety awareness and sensitivity to energy efficiency. Aerogels are the best thermal insulators in the world. Cabot’s aerogel has a thermal conductivity of 12mW/m-K (compared to still air or PU foam at 26mW/m-K) and is currently being used extensively in day lighting and oil & gas applications.
Over the last few years, the protective coatings industry has seen an increased demand for high performance waterborne coatings in the field of corrosion protection. Market drivers such as “Sustainability”, “Greenability”, and ongoing regulatory and environmental concerns continue to force coatings producers to look for other viable options to replace conventional solvent borne technologies.
Metal sulfide mineral scaling, fouling and deposition are frequently encountered problems in geothermal systems. Their formation, crystallization and deposition occur principally because of their extremely low solubility, based on the low solubility product (Ksp). Among the metal sulfides that cause problematic issues, the most common ones are iron sulfide (FeS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), lead sulfide (PbS), and, less frequently, antimony sulfide(s) (Sb2S3 and Sb2S5). Zinc sulfide, for example, has a Ksp of 2·10-25 mol²/L², whereas for PbS, it is 1·10-28 mol²/L² (~ three orders of magnitude less soluble). ZnS can precipitate either as Sphalerite or Zinc Blende, and PbS commonly crystallizes as Galena. Mitigation of such ZnS and PbS precipitates and deposits can be achieved by chemical interventions, by the addition of organic chemical additives to the water. Herein, we report the inhibitory effects of phosphonate-based chemical additives for ZnS and PbS scales. These additives can inhibit formation of sulfide scale, and, significantly, prevent its deposition on metal surfaces. The efficiency of these additives is dosage-dependent, and relatively high inhibitor concentrations are needed for their inhibitory activity to take place. Possible mechanisms will be discussed focusing on inhibition and dispersion.
Today’s coating formulations have and are continuing to evolve in chemistry and composition in response to environmental regulations as well as raw material availability, and social expectations. The performance expectations for coatings have, if anything increased rather than decreased.
Maintaining the integrity of oilfield equipment is essential to its safe operation and to maximize the efficiency of production. The integrity of oilfield equipment can rely on material selection and control of conditions, however, it is commonly maintained by the applications of chemical corrosion inhibitors (CI). Prior to use, these chemicals must be shown to perform as desired under the field conditions in question. To achieve this, chemicals are often evaluated using robust laboratory-based screening studies to identify potential candidates.