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In this paper we describe a case study in which we compared several available methods including viabilitypolymerase chain reactionfor measuring the effectiveness of biocide treatment.
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Antifouling coatings are a benefit to the environment because they reduce vessel drag which can increase fuel usage by as much as 86% and reduce the hull transport of nonindigenous species which may account for up to 70% of invertebrate invasive species in coastal waters. Copper-based antifouling coatings are used on over 90% of vessels in the world that have biofouling control coatings on their hulls.
Dubai Petroleum (the Operator) operates five offshore oil fields in the Emirate of Dubai (Fateh, South West Fateh, Falah, Jallilah and Rashid), in addition to various onshore gas production, storage, distribution and import facilities, and LNG import facilities. The assets within these offshore fields consist of approximately 80 platforms of various sizes, comprising central bridge linked processing facilities in Fateh and South West Fateh, and outlying normally unmanned wellhead production platforms. These platforms are linked by a network of over 150 subsea pipelines, of which over 30 are presently operational sea water injection pipelines.
An operating company was concerned that its biocide and corrosion mitigation strategy was not sufficient to control corrosion in their pigging operations across the Gulf Coast of Texas. They provided water samples from several pigging access points that were heavily contaminated with SRBs, APBs, black deposits and oil. H2S was present in most of the samples suggesting a heavy presence of SRBs. They suspected that the black deposits were most likely FeS caused by the presence of microorganisms interacting with their pipelines. Indeed, culture vial tests (sometimes referred to as “bug bottles”) proved that the samples were heavily contaminated with microorganisms.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) presents risk to operators and infrastructure in many industries. This work shows the continued potential of novel sulphidogenesis-inhibitory compounds and recent gains towards decreasing the impact of H2S production and on MIC.
Microbial contamination in the development of unconventional oil and gas formations can cause numerous problems, including formation plugging, microbial induced corrosion, and well souring, all of which can have a negative effect on well productivity and quality of oil and gas. The most common method to control microbial contamination during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations is through the use of biocides. Traditional oil and gas biocides such as glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium blends struggle to provide effective microbial control under the severe conditions encountered during stimulation of unconventional oil and gas formations.
MIC is a major threat to oil pipelines because it reduces the service life of pipelines and can potentially leads to catatrophes. Microbial communities commonly associated with pipeline corrosion include sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), acid producing bacteria (APB), acetogenic bacteria and methanogens. In a field environment, SRB, APB and other microbes often live in a synergistic biofilm consortium. Sessile SRB are often the main culprit of MIC. They can utilize sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor and various carbon sources and elemental iron as electron donors. Corrosive APB biofilms are also a contributing factor in an acidic environment because they release H+ which is an oxidant.
Biocides are used in hydraulic fracturing operations to control the growth of contaminant microorganisms that lead to corrosion, souring, and conductivity loss.1,2 A variety of biocides are utilized and can be classified by mechanism of action, speed of kill, and the length of residual activity.In general, rapid-acting biocides such as chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and DBNPA (2,2-dibromo-3- nitrilopropionamide) inactivate bacteria quickly but have little to no residual activity. Glutaraldehyde (Glut) reacts more slowly and provides some residual activity, particularly at lower wellbore or reservoir temperatures.
The lengthy laterals of horizontal wells often pose microbiological challenges, as they provide more area to become microbially contaminated and require larger volumes of fluid and biocide for treatment. A Permian Basin oilfield has been experiencing MIC-related failures in its horizontal wells, which is of concern due to the associated high workover cost.
Laboratory biocide challenge testing identified several common oilfield chemistries and combinations thereof as being effective against this field’s population of microbes. However, aggressive applications of these products in the field neither delivered an effective microbial kill nor prevented the treated wells from experiencing further MIC and failures.
An acrolein field trial was conducted on a set of problematic, microbially contaminated horizontal wells over a time period of approximately one year. During this timeframe, these wells experienced microbial control for the first time, defined as meeting and maintaining microbial KPIs. Additional benefits were realized as a result of acrolein, including a dramatic improvement in water quality evident as a decrease in iron sulfide and suspended solids, a clean-out of the wells inferred by an initial increase of solids post-acrolein, a decrease in the corrosion rate as indicated by a significant reduction in iron and manganese counts, a decrease in the well failure rate, an increase in production, and an overall cost savings associated with the application of acrolein.
This study describes an effort to find a method to control bacteria in 130 remote freshwater fiber glass storge tanks with an effective low-cost, convenient treatment method. Freshwater, in this application, is being used to control halite scale formed in the production from unconventional oil wells in the Williston, North Dakota, USA area. The water is sourced from local freshwater rivers and trucked to location and stored in 400 barrel (bbl) freshwater tanks. The water stored in the tanks is injected continuously, and the tanks are refilled on a variable schedule.
Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium Sulfate (THPS) is a very common active ingredient in oil and gas biocides. While product labels provide broad guidelines application dosing the lowest effective dose of THPS is difficult to determine. Site water chemistry and bacteria biology variability will affect the dose need to achieve the desired level of bacteria population control. For these reasons biocide dose response studies are commonly conducted on solutions containing bacteria to determine the effect of treatments before application.