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The goal of this work is to determine erosion-corrosion damage caused by liquid impact in the oil and gas industry.
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A significant portion of global energy demand is met using coal. Even with developing interest in other energy sources, use of coal to generate electricity is expected to remain steady due to overall rising global electricity needs. Most applications for coal combustion electricity generation utilize pulverized coal (PC) as the fuel.
Erosion is a major threat to liquid hydrocarbon transmission pipeline integrity when high liquid flow ratesare combined with the presence of solid particles. However, there is currently no generally acceptedguidance document or standard by which liquid petroleum pipeline operators can define maximum allowable velocities to manage the threat of erosion in their pipelines.
Cavitation occurs in localized areas where there is a pressure drop across a structure; the water goes through a phase transition and forms water vapor. These vapor bubbles implode, resulting in high velocity micro-jets which impact adjacent surfaces. These impacts release shockwaves of energy, which cause microscopic particles of the surface material to flake off.1 Repeated micro-jet impact causes microfractures in the affected surfaces and leads to pitting.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) or utilisation (CCU) of the captured carbon dioxide (CO2) are tools for reducing global carbon emissions, and to combat climate change both are required. According to the IEA1, in 2021, the global capacity of CCS grew by 48%i, showing that this technology is becoming more popular to meet sustainability targets.
Technologically advanced, fully-digital ultrasonic wall-thickness measurement systems coupled with Internet of Things (IoT) back-haul data communication schemes, including cellular, are enabling transportable,accurate and cost-effective corrosion-monitoring systems.