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There is a critical need to mitigate undesirable fouling of seawater-based titanium heat exchangers (HEs) used in US Navy vessels. Heat exchangers are widely used in Navy ships to cool operating fluids and gases, and seawater is the preferred cooling medium since it is readily available. However, fouling will form while ocean water circulates through the heat exchanger tubes or plates, decreasing the heat transfer efficiency and increasing fluid resistance.
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Prevention of corrosion on submerged surfaces, particularly ship’s hulls, is a challenging process. Beyond the corrosive effects of seawater, biofouling will start to accumulate, and if left unchecked, can potentially damage the coating reducing its anti-corrosive properties. In stationery applications, the biofouling may be of little immediate significance, but in the case of vessels, biofouling will greatly increase hull resistance, leading to reduced speed, greater fuel consumption and emissions, as well as enabling the transfer of alien species as the vessels travel the globe.
One of the key factors affecting ship performance, particularly fuel consumption and associated GHG (Green House Gas) emissions, is the degree of biofouling on the immersed hull and propeller(s). Rates of biofouling accumulation vary considerably, depending on the suitability, age and physical condition of the coating system(s) applied to the hull, the voyaging, anchoring and lay up patterns of the ship, and the geographical regions where these take place.