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This paper discusses common amine sources and amine identification methods, the equipment commonly impacted and the steps which can be taken to address the challenge of amine contamination.
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This paper discusses the chemistry and fate of two commonly used triazine H2S scavengers and their reaction by-products with respect to their impact on crude unit overhead corrosion and fouling.
This paper describes three corrosion case histories caused by overconfidence and lack of thorough understanding of the corroding systems. 1. Exchanger tube failure. 2. Hydrogen induced cracking. 3. Inappropriate mixing of process streams.
The purpose of this paper will be to: (a) review published literature to characterize and classify speciation related to the types of impurities encountered in opportunity crudes; and (b) describe and categorize published case studies of corrosion in crude unit overhead operations.
This study describes the functionalization of a hybrid sol-gel polymeric coating with MOLY or ZAPP corrosion inhibitors and viable endospores of Bacillus licheniformis isolate (B6).
A new sensor has been developed that can discriminate between abiotic and biotic based deposits by utilizing heat transfer reduction sensory with ultrasonic detection of materials on the same surface.
Black tar-like fouling material was driving frequent shut-downs of a gas plant. Analysis indicated that the nitrogen containing corrosion inhibitor (CI) polymerized with sulfur compounds in a vulcanization process. Testing confirmed the role of the CI in creating this fouling.
Within the Wastewater Treatment process the growth of soft fouling materials (algae) create problems such as Total Suspended Solids issues, false BOD readings, clogged pumps, and reduced flow rates through the weirs of clarifiers. Furthermore, dead or dying algae can cause additional odor concerns. This phenomenon has cost municipalities and taxpayer’s untold amounts of money due to the required maintenance dollars spent to correct this problem.
Establishment of criteria for the pilot-scale evaluation of the performance of cooling water additives under field-specific operating conditions.
Due to the regulations of toxic biocidal products in marine environments, the development of nontoxic antifouling (AF) coatings has become required. The development of nontoxic antifouling formulations implies the use of ingredients (such as: polymers, additives and pigments) that are devoid of toxicity towards marine environments. In this regard, erodible coatings, based on biodegradable polymer, are used to respond to this problem. Recently, polyurethane (PU) has been adopted into antifouling coating due to its ability to migrate the certain functional groups which resist the attachment of fouling. Biodegradation of PU can accelerate the erodible properties which ultimately improve the antifouling properties. In this study, a series of biodegradable PU coatings was formulated by tuning biodegradable polyol. The antifouling performance was evaluated after certain intervals.
Self-polishing coatings (SPC) are widely being used in marine structures to protect metals from fouling. After restrictions on using toxic metals, coating industry are seeking environmentally-friendly SPC coatings that maintain their performance over extended periods. Unfortunately, most of the commercial SPC coatings contain different toxic materials, besides their performance is inadequate to prevent fouling under adverse conditions. The main mechanism of SPC coating is to facilitate the continuous renewal of the surface and the release of active compound via a hydrolysis reaction or an ion exchange reaction with seawater. In this study, polyurethane (PU) SPC coatings were synthesized by in-situ polymerization using biodegradable polyol. The polishing rate of coating was determined from the reduction in dry film thickness after artificial seawater immersion under a dynamic condition. The fouling resistance of coatings was considered after certain interval.
Zebra mussels were first introduced in the United States in the 1980’s into the Great Lakes. The migration of the mussels west prompted the US Bureau of Reclamation to examine technologies that might reduce their impact on water resources infrastructure. Many new materials and coating products have been developed to deter the attachment of mussels to infrastructure. Our 2nd year of research investigated new foul release coatings technologies and fluorinated powder coatings for mussel control.