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Failure analysis methodology is applied to the principal mechanisms by which boiler tubes fail during service. sThe failure analysis procedure, or methodology for evaluation, is provided in a step by step approach. Among the case histories discussed are: fatigue, erosion, short-term overheating, and hydrogen damage.
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A recent pre-1970 ERW Pipe Seam Weld Failure incident is presented. The investigation combines metallurgical and fractographic analysis, fracture mechanics testing, and failure analysis diagram to determine the origin and nature.
Two successive leakages were reported in the heat exchanger composed of 8 rows of finned tubes of the convection section of the condensate stripper re-boiler. A comprehensive study (Failure Analysis) has been conducted to reveal the form of failure. The failure was recognized as erosion and cavitation damage.
A remarkable amount of financial loss is incurred every year because of premature failures of paints and coatings. The budget to repair such failures extremely outweighs the initial cost of coatings, since excessive engineering may be looked-for to access the deteriorating areas of a coating system. Additional accountability may also be anticipated if a facility stops operation for the essential repairs to be made.
Protective coatings are widely used for shielding metal surfaces against service-induced degradations. Immersion-grade coatings protect the metal surfaces by hindering the interaction of steel (i.e., substrate) with service thereby providing corrosion and even abrasion resistance. Coatings nowadays are the most efficient method to shield metals and thus has been widely engaged among various protective techniques.
Critical procedures at blasting and coating shops and steel fabricating shops, include surface preparation, application of primer coats, often shop applications include intermediate coat application, as well as occasionally including topcoat application. These phases of the process are absolutely critical to the long-term success of coating/lining projects. If the industry is serious about quality, specifiers must include language in the project specifications to include mandatory independent qualified coating inspection during shop coating applications.
Corrosion exists in the whole process of oil exploitation. Pipeline failure caused by corrosion can cause serious economic losses and Security incidents. Due to corrosion factors such as ions and bacteria introduced by sewage, the service environment of the sewage transmission pipeline between the sewage station and the water injection pressurization station studied in this paper becomes more serious[1]. Pipeline corrosion prevention becomes more challenging.
In this paper failure analysis methodology will be applied to the principal mechanisms by which paints and coatings fail during service; with specific application to case studies involving T&D pipelines and utility structures. The case studies will apply standard failure analysis techniques to determine the primary causes and modes of failures.
A major fire in a Reactor Effluent Air Cooler (REAC) of the Hydrocracker Unit (HCU). Visual inspection was made on the failed portion. Metallurgical investigation, macrostructural and microstructural analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy was conducted on the failed air cooler.
A cold-worked carbon steel pulsation dampener located on a glycol circulation pump failed catastrophically in service. The two parts of the failed dampener were projected several tens of meters across the offshore facility. The failure was investigated initially using traditional metallurgical techniques, but this failed to reach a conclusive failure mechanism.
Recently, there have been several cracking failures of type HL carbon steel sucker rods with evidence of fatigue striation. In order to find out the reason for the fracture failure, the fracture morphology, material properties, loading and corrosion product of the failed type HL 35CrMoA sucker rod were analyzed, combined with the corrosion environment. The results show that the material properties of the failed 35CrMoA sucker rod meet the GB/T 26075-2010 standard requirements. Also the result of loading analysis shows that the loading is far from the fatigue limit stress. The type HL sucker rod’s yield strength is almost 1049 MPa and hardness is 35.2 HRC. In addition, the low in-situ pH and high H2S-CO2 partial pressure places the sucker rods in the Region 3 of sulfide stress corrosion cracking, which means the quenched and tempered sucker rod’s yield strength should not exceed 863 MPa and hardness should not exceed 30 HRC, according to the ISO 15156-2:2015 standard. It is concluded that the high hardness level of the type HL sucker rod led to sulfide stress corrosion cracking in the high H2S-CO2 partial pressure and low in-situ pH condition.