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Four low carbon steels with different Cr and Cu concentrations were prepared to investigate the effect of alloying elements on their corrosion behavior in 3.5% NaCl solution diluted hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid (pH=1.4-1.5) respectively. Electrochemical measurement and immersion test at room temperature characterized the corrosion behavior and evaluated the corrosion rate.
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To investigate the role of Cr and Cu in steels in different solutions, four kinds of low carbon steel with different Cr and Cu concentrations were prepared to investigate the effect of alloying elements on their corrosion behavior. Solutions of 3.5 wt.% NaCl, diluted hydrochloric acid and diluted sulphuric acid (pH=1.4-1.5) were used.
A quantitative assessment of remnant cold deformation and effectiveness of post deformation treatment (PDT) on sour resistance and mechanical properties of a C110 grade by reproducing uniform deformation with tensile/compressive tests followed by heating/soaking/cooling cycles representing induction PDT
This paper discusses two case histories in which 41XX low-alloy steel, quenched and tempered to 22 HRC maximum hardness, was used in longer-term downhole completion tools.
Laboratory testing on two candidate completion brines…a buffered mixed formate and a proprietary bromide brine. Materials tested: super martensitic stainless, super duplex stainless, API 5CT/ ISO 11960 grade “C125” casing and nickel alloy.
To limit the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change, the use of conventional hydrocarbons needs to be reduced significantly. The global demand for biofuels is thus expected to grow during the present decade. Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the predominant biofuels produced by converting lipidic feedstocks (vegetable oils, animal fats, waste cooking oils, …) through a conventional refinery hydrotreatment (HDT) process.
Mineral scale deposition is one of the major flow assurance issues for the oil and gas industry. When an oil or gas well produces water, there is the possibility that scale could form either by the mixing of incompatible waters forming oversaturated brine or by direct precipitation of the water that occurs naturally in reservoirs due to the changes in pressure, temperature, or pH. Scale inhibitors are commonly used to prevent mineral scale formation during oil and gas production and mitigate this flow assurance issue.
High-strength low-alloy steel bar stocks with 110ksi (758MPa) and 125ksi (862MPa) specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) are in demand for temporary and permanent downhole tools for sour service. NACE MR0175/ISO15156 currently allows the use of low-alloy steel bar stocks without any environmental restrictions up to 22HRC, which, by most specifications, corresponds to 80ksi (552MPa) SMYS. At higher SMYS, and with exclusions of API and proprietary sour tubular grades, NACE MR0175/ISO15156 does not address solid bar stocks, a gap and opportunity addressed by this investigation. Specifically, in this paper, the sulfide-stress cracking (SSC) of commercial UNS G41xxx (41xx) alloys, including 41xxMod (i.e., carefully selected or mill modified) is investigated following a series of NACE TM0177 Method A tests in either Solution B or A (NACE Region 3). Domain diagrams for 41xx alloys are disclosed, all demonstrating that 41xx solid bar stocks are SSC resistant above 150°F (66°C) when under a new and improved specification. When SMYS is raised to 125ksi (862MPa) with 34HRC max, a safe minimum temperature of 175°F (79.5°C) is confirmed for hollow bars, well in line with current NACE MR0175/ISO15156. The metallurgical and hardness requirements of 41xx alloys are also briefly discussed, along with opportunities for further modifications of 41xx bar stocks.
The purpose of this review is to discuss environmental effects, especially hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide on pitting susceptibility of low alloy steels and corrosion resistant alloys.
Low alloy steels (LAS) are widely used in the marine and offshore oil and gas industry for various applications from bolting to large pressure containing heavy wall forgings. These materials are subject to various types of corrosion (general or uniform, pitting, crevice, etc.) and degradation in seawater environment. However, their selection for the applications, in comparison with stainless steels and corrosion resistant alloys, is justified due to their availability, manufacturability, proven service history, and lower cost.