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This research effort was designed to evaluate stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC) behavior of a broad range of advanced plate steels (0.002 wt% sulfur) that were not produced to enhance resistance to cracking in wet H2S environments. Test results indicated that SOHIC resistance was adversely affected by microstructural (ferrite/pearlite) banding. However, additional factors also played a role in determining SOHIC behavior.
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Brief descriptions of the mechanisms of common types of corrosion attacks in petrochemical and refinery environments viz. Wet H2S, Caustic, Amine, Carbonate corrosion and cracking.
Continuous wash water injection in gas recovery units (GRU) is a best practice for corrosion control. The case study describes failures that occurred in the wash water injection system.
The T-8-20 Task Group conducted a survey of plant practices and of the performance of materials of constrution in HF Alkylation Units. A Primary goal of the survey was to expand the limited body of the information on alternative ally performance in HF Alkylation units and to better define the susceptibility of steel to hydrogen induced cracking.
Carbon and low-alloy steels in plate form and their welded products may be susceptible to one or more forms of environmental cracking when exposed to wet H2S service conditions. These include, for example, (1) sulfide stress cracking (SSC) of hard zones and welds; (2) hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) in the parent metal; and (3) stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC) in the region adjacent to welds of nominally acceptable hardness. Extensive work has been conducted over many years to understand various fundamental and applied aspects of these phenomena. Experiences in refinery wet H2S operations have directed particular attention to understanding SOHIC and the various metallurgical and environmental parameters that govern its occurrence.
Scope
This standard was prepared to provide a test method for consistent evaluation of pipeline and pressure vessel steels to SOHIC caused by hydrogen absorption from aqueous sulfide corrosion. The test conditions are not designed to simulate any specific service environment. The test is intended to evaluate resistance to SOHIC only, and not to other adverse effects of sour environments such as sulfide stress cracking (SSC), pitting, or mass loss from corrosion.
Low-alloy steel of API(1) 5L grade X65 is commonly used as line pipe material for sour service applications, where, due to stringent operation limits, resistivity to Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC), Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) and Stress-Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking (SOHIC) is required and tested before and after plate into pipe forming. Within recent years more challenging requirements have been introduced, including more severe corrosion test conditions, increased mechanical properties and extended limitations regarding hardness, to enable application to increasingly severe sour service conditions. For steel plants and plate manufacturers this entails the necessity to further improve the quality of their products together with separate improvements and modifications on the production plants and processes that have been implemented anyway.
New axially loaded full ring test method which was developed and demonstrated to combine the benefits of retaining a full as-welded pipe pup-piece, permitting single-sided exposure, with the advantage of tensile loading of the complete tubular specimen.
Stress Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking (SOHIC) susceptibility of SA516 Grade 70 carbon-manganese steel was studied according to NACE MR0175/ISO15156-2 standard by four-point-bending and constant load test methods. Base metal and welded specimens were investigated.
As environmental sulfur limits become more stringent, there has been a recent surge in preferential and localized corrosion in amine units. This has occurred even with HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) resistant steels and in equipment where velocity limits are not exceeded.Amine absorbers and associated rich amine piping particularly around the welds, downcomers and other turbulent locations are particularly vulnerable.