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The annual natural gas demand in the United States surpassed 31 trillion cubic feet in 2019. This is over a 500% increase from demand in the 1950’s (5.7 trillion cubic feet) [1]. As gas demand continues to rise, pipeline operators have limited options to meet demand requirements. Pressure uprating is one option that can be leveraged for certain pipelines to meet the increased demand economically.
Regulators require minimum federal safety standards for pressure uprating as described in 49 CFR Part 192 Subpart K. Pipeline uprating to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress of 30% or more of SMYS in steel pipelines require a series of documented integrity assessments to ensure the pressure uprating will not adversely affect the safe operation. The objective of this paper is to disseminate a process that operators can use to develop an effective integrity assessment guide for pressure uprating. This guide exceeds the requirements established in §192.555. The combination of External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA), In-Line Inspection (ILI), and hydrostatic testing is used in conjunction to identify a variety of time dependent and time independent threats. A systematic approach for chronological implementation of assessment types for pressure uprating has been validated through a successful case study.
Challenges associated with coordinating the modelling, design, and installation of an alternating current interference and mitigation systems. The project consisted of a 65 kilometer long double circuit 500 kilovolt (kV) overhead transmission in a heavily congested right-of-way corridor with more than 80 pipelines.
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Indirect assessment techniques (special over-the-line potential and soil corrosivity surveys) were applied on an electrically discontinuous effluent sewer land outfall. Critical areas were excavated and direct assessment performed. Mitigation methods were recommended.
Soil-side corrosion of the bottom plates of aboveground storage tanks is the main cause of tank failure. A case study is discussed in this paper, in which failures of three storage tanks were investigated. Soil analysis revealed high salt content and low resistivity.