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Electrochemical Behavior Of Transmission Pipeline Steels In Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Product Number: 51322-17592-SG

Author: Zineb Belarbi, Lucas Teeter, Richard E. Chinn, Margaret Ziomek- Moroz, Ömer N. Doğan

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

High-pressure steel pipeline is a common, cost-effective method for transporting CO₂ from its point of capture to storage sites¹. In pipeline transport systems, CO₂ is mostly transported in its liquid or supercritical phase, depending on the operating pressure^2,3, which requires compression of CO₂ gas to a pressure above 80 bar (Figure 1) and avoid a two-phase flow regime in the steel pipelines. In the USA, the longest CO₂ pipelines, which transport more than 40 MtCO₂ per year from production point to sites in Texas, where the CO₂ is used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), operate in the “dense phase” mode and at ambient temperature and high pressure.

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Electrochemical Behavior Under Artificial Seawater and Intergranular Corrosion Performance of 6XXX Aluminum Alloys Series

Product Number: 51320-14620-SG

Author: Mariana Georges M. de Carvalho, Gustavo Brandolin, Daniela Figueiredo Cavalcante, Flavio Vieira Vasques de Sousa, Vanessa Dreilich, Fabio Pereira Alves

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Aluminum alloys have high strength to weight ratio, and during the years they have been used successfully in the maritime industry, due to their good corrosion resistance when correctly applied (e.g., properly selected). In the subsea environment, the oil and gas industry currently uses aluminum alloys for Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), but due to its limited information regarding long-term application in seawater, these alloys are not generally selected for subsea structural purposes. The aim of the current paper is to compare the performance of three different aluminum alloys through electrochemical tests in artificial seawater and under accelerated intergranular corrosion (IGC) tests. Samples were tested through potentiodynamic polarization (ASTM(1) G61), under aerated and de-aerated environments, and in order to compare their IGC resistance, they were tested following ISO(2) 11846 (method B). The polarization curves revealed that the open circuit potential (OCP) increased when the solution moved from de-aerated to aerated. Additionally, no improved performance was seen from any alloy tested concerning pitting and repassivation potential, even when subjected to different aeration conditions. Finally, the IGC testing was satisfactory to distinguish the alloys’ IGC resistance.

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Electrochemical Corrosion Analysis Of Stainless Steels In LALM Pyrolysis Bio-Oil With Organic Corrodents

Product Number: 51322-17759-SG

Author: Jiheon Jun, Dino Sulejmanovic, James R. Keiser, Michael P. Brady, Michael D. Kass

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Biomass-derived pyrolysis oils (bio-oils) are recognized as a renewable energy source that could
aid in the reduction of fossil fuel use. Bio-oils exhibit higher corrosivity to common ferrous alloys because the oils contain organic acids and water. A series of corrosion studies were previously performed to determine the corrosion rates of ferrous alloys exposed in bio-oils for a quantitative evaluation of the material compatibility. The key information from these previous studies is that ferrous alloys with more Cr, Ni, and Mo are needed for compatibility with bio-oils.

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Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel With and Without Residual Elements

Product Number: 51320-14245-SG

Author: Suresh Divi, Sri Krishna Chimbli

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Residual elements (RE) in carbon steel, not specifically included in the specified steel, appear to influence the corrosion rate under certain conditions, especially in services involving hydrofluoric acid (HF). The relative proportions of RE, specifically %C, %Ni, %Cu, and %Cr in carbon steel base and weld metals used in refineries, especially in alkylation processes with HF as the catalyst, significantly impact corrosion behavior. Studies described in the literature show corrosion damage with high RE (Cu + Ni + Cr >0.20) components as compared to low RE (Cu + Ni + Cr <0.20) components.

In this study, electrochemical corrosion testing was performed on a 3-inch pipe elbow section with high REs that had developed a through-wall leak in service. Test results were compared to those obtained on a similar pipe elbow section with lower REs. The samples were exposed to 50% HF at room temperature and at 65°C. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) corrosion rates were measured at both temperatures. Potentiodynamic (PD) polarization scans were performed on samples of low and high RE steel exposed to 50% HF at room temperature.

Test results indicated that LPR corrosion rates were higher for the high RE carbon steel samples than for low RE carbon steel samples at both temperatures. PD scans showed that the critical current densities were higher for high RE steel than for low RE steel.

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Electrochemical Corrosion Studies of Different Alloys and Cement Lining Material of Water Transmission system

Product Number: 51323-19203-SG

Author: Ali Al-Sahary, Fatma Al-Radhi, Abdulrahman Al-Enezi, Nausha Asrar

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) is the largest producer of water by its different water desalination plants distributed around the kingdom. Produced water is transmitted through underground pipelines. These pipelines are more than 8,000 KM in length and varying diameter from 8 thru 75 in.

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Electrochemical Evaluation of the Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of Ni Based Precipitation Hardening Alloys in Supercritical Sour Gas Service Conditions

Product Number: 51324-20426-SG

Author: Raymundo Case; Lei Zhao; Yuan Ding; Jason Ren; Tin Dunne

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This study evaluates the susceptibility to localized corrosion of alloys UNS N06625 and N07725 in both supercritical and subcritical CO2 with H2S present. Electrochemical experiments were performed at 200 °C, with CO2 present in both supercritical at 1500 psi and sub critical (450 psi) conditions, the H2S content was up to 10% mol and chloride concentration in the brine up to 25000 ppm, the test are performed with 1 g/l of S. The results in this study, indicate that the performance of both alloys in supercritical CO2 phase with H2S, show an extremely high anodic dissolution rate. This behavior is attributed to the formation of NiCO3 and NiS. The H2S content within the supercritical CO2 phase can support a high cathodic reaction rate through the S reduction reaction, which is incorporated in the passive layer to form Ni sulfides, this creates a passive layer susceptible to pitting at high Cl- content.

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Electrochemical Investigation and Modeling of Cathodic Reactions on Iron Sulfides in Acidic Solutions

Product Number: 51323-19428-SG

Author: Payman Sharifi Abdar, Bruce Brown, Srdjan Nesic

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

H2S corrosion, also known as sour corrosion, is a very serious type of metal degradation in oil and gas transmission pipelines. When H2S is present in an operating pipeline, localized corrosion is the type of attack which contributes to the most failures in oilfields, consequently, its impact on the economics of oil and gas production is indisputable. Therefore, mitigation of this type of corrosion could prevent such failures and significantly enhance asset integrity while reducing maintenance costs as well as eliminating environmental damage.

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Electrochemical Investigation of the Integrity of Cathodic Protection MMO Anodes in the Presence of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors

Product Number: 51324-21177-SG

Author: Juan Dominguez Olivo; Terry Natale; Sujay Math

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Cathodic protection (CP) technology is widely utilized to safeguard aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) against soil-side corrosion, with the U.S. Department of Transportation mandating the implementation of CP systems for ASTs governed by federal regulations. CP is typically applied to the new ASTs bottom through the installation of anodes under the tanks. The anodic portion of impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems consists of titanium conductor bars and mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes which are embedded in the sand bed a few inches below the new bottoms. To enhance the soil-side protection of tank bottoms, the combined usage of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors (VCIs) and CP systems has shown promise. Previous studies have indicated that the use of VCIs and CP is synergistic, and the performance of anodes remained unaffected by the presence of VCIs. Building upon these findings, the present research aims to investigate the integrity of titanium substrate MMO anodes in the presence of VCIs. This study focuses on the electrochemical characteristics of titanium substrate mixed metal oxide (MMO), in conjunction with VCIs. Through the utilization of ASTM G61, the research findings suggest that the pitting immunity nature of MMO and titanium anodes remains unaltered in the presence of VCIs.

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Electrochemical Methods vs Long-Term Immersion Tests to Assess Localized Corrosion Tendencies of Corrosion Inhibitors (Phase II)

Product Number: MECC23-20180-SG

Author: Yolanda De-Abreu; Gabriela Garcia; Ana Ferrer; Geeta Rana

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Electrochemical methods have long been utilized to provide real-time corrosion information but have rarely been used to study localized corrosion. Most recently, electrochemical methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic polarization (CP) were investigated to predict pitting tendencies and the work was presented in 2022.

Based on this work, it was proved that CP technique can be used to predict localized corrosion tendency of continuous corrosion inhibitors.

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Electrochemical Noise vs. Salt Spray Tests: Is There Room For a Faster Corrosion Resistance Evaluation?

Product Number: 51323-18837-SG

Author: Marco Bandiera, Giorgio Valota, Mary Angel Abello, Andrea Bonfanti, Arianna Pavesi, Bozhena Tsyupa, Valentina Trombetta, Alessandro Mancini, Federico Bertasi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Electrification of road transport requires the development of components with improved performance, especially in terms of corrosion resistance.This is particularly true for safety elements such as the disc-brake system. Indeed, regenerative braking, which is used in electric vehicles, significantly reduces the wear of brake system components thus generating the need of brakes with a service life comparable to the vehicle life.

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Electrode Tool Logging Approaches for Casing Inner Coating Monitoring

Product Number: 51320-14795-SG

Author: Gang Guo, Qiongwei Li, Bihai Cheng, Wenwei Lu,Lihua Yang, Zhiping Zhou

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

To control the casing's severe CO2 inner corrosion and minimize damage to oil wells drilled into the Yan'an formation of Jurassic reservoirs; internal plastic coating was applied to the portion of the casing below the dynamic liquid level (nearly 700 m) for each of the more than 4000 wells drilled over the last 10 years. Considering the cost factor, it was not economic for the whole wellbore to have internal coating, so only the section with serious internal corrosion was internally coated with a modified epoxy-phenolic.

This kind of modified epoxy-phenolic coating has excellent mechanical and anti-corrosion performance. But it’s difficult to analyze the long term aging or local mechanical damage of downhole inner coating. New approaches by electrode logging tools have been studied for monitoring the inner coating.

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Electrodeposited Nanolaminar Zinc-Nickel Alloy Coatings – Analysis of Advanced Corrosion Resistance Performance

Product Number: 51323-19204-SG

Author: Herman E Amaya, Timm Burnett, Richard Morgan, Vikas Joshi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Nanolaminar or nanostructured zinc-nickel electrodeposited coatings are compliant with the composition requirements of ASTM B841 and F1941 (12 to 16% Ni: balance Zn). The term nanolaminar refers to the successive thin layered deposition of nanostructured grains (≈ 25nm); accomplished by modulating the electrodeposition into a waveform applied at defined time periods and varying current densities. Standard electroplating in contrast, applies a continuous DC current throughout the electrodeposition process, resulting in grains that while initially fine will coarsen as a function of thickness ranging to the micrometer range.

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