AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

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Effect Of Varying H2S Content On High Temperature Corrosion Of Austenitic Alloys In A Pyrolysis Process Of Post-Consumer Plastics

Product Number: 51322-17552-SG

Author: Manuela Nimmervoll, Roland Haubner, Gregor Mori, Stefan Hönig

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Pyrolysis processes of post-consumer plastics are a promising chemical recycling route and a good alternative to disposal. Nevertheless, these processes are challenging for metallic materials since chlorine containing materials or biological components inside the feedstock can yield HCl and H2S, respectively, during cracking. In combination with high temperatures of the reactor zone metallic construction materials can be attacked by high-temperature corrosion.

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Effect Of Water Chemistry On Crack Growth Rates In Neutron Irradiated X-750 And XM-19

Product Number: ED22-17287-SG

Author: John Jackson, Drew Johnson, Robert G. Carter, Michael Heighes, Peter L. Andresen

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

As the current reactor fleet continues to age, with many reactors wanting to extend operational licenses beyond their initial 40 lifetime, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how structural materials in these reactor environments will degrade over time. A critical material degradation mode which can limit the lifetime of reactor components is irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC). As the name implies, a material must be subjected to both a corrosive environment as well as mechanical stresses while the original material microstructure has been affected by irradiation.

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Effect of Zn2+ and Pb2+ on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Sulphide Scale Forming H2S - Containing Environments

Product Number: 51324-20765-SG

Author: Olawale Frank; Frederick Pessu

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The kinetics of sulphides forming species such as Zn2+, Pb2+ and Fe2+ encountered in geothermal energy systems has the potential to influence the overall corrosion behaviour; uniform and pitting, of carbon steel used in technical equipment. This project investigates the effect of the Zn2+, Pb2+ and Fe2+ within the bulk brine chemistry, on the evolution and surface deposition of sulphide scales; ZnS, PbS and/or FeS at 80oC. The effect of surface deposition of sulphide scales on corrosion product formation, and the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel was investigated over 48 hours. In-situ electrochemical techniques such as LPR was combined with SEM- EDX, and XRD techniques to characterise the electrochemical responses, the composition and morphology of sulphide scales and corrosion product respectively. The extent of pitting corrosion damage on the metal surface was also investigated using white light interferometry. The results shows that bulk precipitation of ZnS & PbS and its subsequent surface deposition directly lowers the bulk pH of the corrosion environment. This was observed to have a direct impact on the overall corrosion characteristics of the corroding interface of carbon steel; this includes effect on FeS morphology, formation kinetics and uniform and pitting corrosion characteristics.

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Effective Corrosion Inhibitor Formulation for Carbon Steel in Downhole Sweet Gas Wells

Product Number: 51323-19009-SG

Author: Ime Bassey Obot, Ahmad A. Sorour, Tao Chen, Qiwei Wang

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion of the internal surfaces of pipelines is one of the serious issues facing the oil and gas industry. Produced oil and gas always contain some water mixed with brines and contain varying amounts of carbon dioxide (sweet gas), hydrogen sulfide (sour gas) and organic acids1. All of these can affect the integrity of the low-carbon steel pipes used in the construction of downhole gas wells. CO2 gas, along with the high salt content of production water, causes serious corrosion on the internal walls of corrosion resistance alloys (CRAs) and steel pipelines used in downhole gas wells.

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Effective Pipeline Corrosion Monitoring in Regions Impacted by External DC Polarization Factors

Product Number: 51324-21132-SG

Author: Angel R. Kowalski; Jason Charles Land; W. Brain Holtsbaum

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Effective pipeline external corrosion control can be achieved by maintaining an adequate balance between the coating condition and the cathodic protection level. When a pipeline is in a corridor shared with parallel buried pipelines and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) power transmission lines, determining the adequacy of the cathodic protection (CP) system becomes a challenge. Misinterpretation of data being collected, or unreliable data can lead to the implementation of either ineffective or excessive mitigation programs for these pipelines. To obtain a better representation of the year-round performance of the CP system, additional testing to the conventional adjustive survey or close interval potential survey (CIPS or CIS) might be required on transmission pipelines collocated in HVAC corridors. The variation of the structure-to-electrolyte potential values over time and the effect of polarization cell replacement (PCR) units should be assessed when determining the level of polarization of the pipeline. Data from a case study is analyzed to illustrate additional testing procedures required to minimize the effects of HVAC systems when monitoring the CP level on transmission pipelines. The proper interpretation of the field monitoring data allows pipeline operators to develop and implement effective corrosion control mitigation plans.

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Effective Sand Management Using Complimentary Non-Intrusive Erosion Monitoring Solutions

Product Number: 51324-20641-SG

Author: Anca Dienes; William Fazackerley

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Sand production and erosion pose significant challenges in the oil and gas industry, leading to equipment damage, production loss, and costly repairs. Existing sand control techniques such as well completion, sand screens, sand separation, or predictive models for sand production are not 100% effective. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to sand management utilizing complimentary non-intrusive erosion monitoring solutions. The focus is on the integration of acoustic sensors and ultrasonic thickness sensors to detect and assess sand particles in pipelines and process equipment. The use of acoustic sensors enables the detection and characterization of particles, including sand, through their unique acoustic signatures. These sensors provide real-time data, allowing for proactive monitoring of sand production and erosion. In combination with ultrasonic thickness sensors, which provide accurate measurements of material thickness, a risk and impact calculation can be derived. By analysing the risk value obtained from the acoustic sensor and the impact value obtained from the thickness sensor, an overall assessment of asset health can be determined. To facilitate effective sand management, the proposed solution incorporates the integration of these sensors into a single package, accompanied by specialised software. The software allows for comprehensive data analysis, trending, and future predictions. By utilising this integrated system, operators can gain actionable insights into the condition of their assets, enabling timely intervention and mitigation strategies. The benefits of this approach include enhanced asset integrity, reduced downtime, and improved maintenance planning. Additionally, the ability to monitor sand production and erosion in real-time empowers operators to optimize production rates while ensuring the integrity of their infrastructure. This paper presents a practical and cost-effective solution for effective sand management in the oil and gas industry. By leveraging complimentary non-intrusive erosion monitoring solutions, operators can mitigate risks associated with sand production, extend the operational life of their equipment, and optimize production efficiency.

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Effective SCC Inspection Of In-Situ Oil Sands Pipelines Using Advanced Eddy Current Array Technology

Product Number: 51322-17981-SG

Author: Michael Sirois, Mathieu Bouchard

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

ECA technologies are not very well known in the oil and gas industry and are still undeservedly suffering from the bad reputation of traditional eddy current testing from twenty years ago. Eddy current techniques are often humorously compared to "black magic" in the sense that the results are difficult to understand, the probes are complicated to use, and only eddy current gurus can use it efficiently. However, ECA has evolved significantly over the past 15 years and is now much easier and more intuitive to use.

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Effectiveness of Epoxy and Moisture-Cure Polyurethane Coatings in Corrosion Mitigation of Embedded Rebar- an Experimental Study

Product Number: 51320-14405-SG

Author: Raghava Kumar Vanama, Balaji Ramakrishnan

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Chloride induced corrosion is the prime reason for the degradation of embedded rebar in reinforced concrete marine structures. The present study experimentally investigates the effectiveness of traditional two-component epoxy (EPX), and moisture-cure polyurethane coatings (MC) applied on the concrete surface in reducing the rate of chloride ingression compared to the conventional concrete with and without mineral admixtures like fly ash and GGBS. Coatings used in the present study are characterized by XRD, EDAX, FEG-SEM, water uptake, adhesion strength and contact angle tests. Rapid chloride migration tests (RCMT) were conducted on concrete with and without coatings. Resistivity offered against the chloride migration monitored during the RCMT test indicated that concrete with MC shown higher resistivity in the initial period and continued to decrease over the test duration at a faster rate, unlike EPX. The non-steady-state migration coefficients of the concrete cured for 28days and coated with MC and EPX coatings were found to be nearly 22% and 48% of that of concrete with SCM cured for 84days respectively. The study is further extended to monitor the corrosion of rebar embedded in coated concrete subjected to corrosion acceleration until the first crack appeared on an uncoated specimen. Variation in current flow, half-cell potentials recorded during the acceleration test and actual mass loss of embedded rebar estimated by gravimetric analysis are presented in this paper.

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Effectiveness of the Methods for Detection and Evaluation of Corrosion on the ReinforcementSteel of RC Structures – A State-Of-Practice Review

Product Number: MECC23-20127-SG

Author: Carlos E. Acero

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the most common forms of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, having a large impact on both their life-cycle cost, and overall performance. For example, according to the 2021 Report Card for American’s Infrastructure of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) [1], the amount of money needed to fix existing civil infrastructures in the USA is in the order of six (6) trillion USD; most of this is in connection to corrosion-related concrete deterioration.

Corrosion of steel embedded in concrete is an electrochemical process that occurs when a potential difference along the bars forms a cell with anode and cathode zones on the steel, and the pore water in the hardened cement paste serves as electrolyte [2].