AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

Available for download

Effective Relationships Between Applicators, Inspectors, Owners and coating Manufacturer Representatives

Product Number: 41205-192-SG

Author: Jonathan Palo

Publication Date: 2005

$20.00

Successful relationships are dependent upon effective communication between all the parties involved in an industrial maintenance painting project. Owner expectations can only be met when the parties involved work together to meet basic project requirements.

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Effective Sand Management Using Complimentary Non-Intrusive Erosion Monitoring Solutions

Product Number: 51324-20641-SG

Author: Anca Dienes; William Fazackerley

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Sand production and erosion pose significant challenges in the oil and gas industry, leading to equipment damage, production loss, and costly repairs. Existing sand control techniques such as well completion, sand screens, sand separation, or predictive models for sand production are not 100% effective. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to sand management utilizing complimentary non-intrusive erosion monitoring solutions. The focus is on the integration of acoustic sensors and ultrasonic thickness sensors to detect and assess sand particles in pipelines and process equipment. The use of acoustic sensors enables the detection and characterization of particles, including sand, through their unique acoustic signatures. These sensors provide real-time data, allowing for proactive monitoring of sand production and erosion. In combination with ultrasonic thickness sensors, which provide accurate measurements of material thickness, a risk and impact calculation can be derived. By analysing the risk value obtained from the acoustic sensor and the impact value obtained from the thickness sensor, an overall assessment of asset health can be determined. To facilitate effective sand management, the proposed solution incorporates the integration of these sensors into a single package, accompanied by specialised software. The software allows for comprehensive data analysis, trending, and future predictions. By utilising this integrated system, operators can gain actionable insights into the condition of their assets, enabling timely intervention and mitigation strategies. The benefits of this approach include enhanced asset integrity, reduced downtime, and improved maintenance planning. Additionally, the ability to monitor sand production and erosion in real-time empowers operators to optimize production rates while ensuring the integrity of their infrastructure. This paper presents a practical and cost-effective solution for effective sand management in the oil and gas industry. By leveraging complimentary non-intrusive erosion monitoring solutions, operators can mitigate risks associated with sand production, extend the operational life of their equipment, and optimize production efficiency.

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Effective SCC Inspection Of In-Situ Oil Sands Pipelines Using Advanced Eddy Current Array Technology

Product Number: 51322-17981-SG

Author: Michael Sirois, Mathieu Bouchard

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

ECA technologies are not very well known in the oil and gas industry and are still undeservedly suffering from the bad reputation of traditional eddy current testing from twenty years ago. Eddy current techniques are often humorously compared to "black magic" in the sense that the results are difficult to understand, the probes are complicated to use, and only eddy current gurus can use it efficiently. However, ECA has evolved significantly over the past 15 years and is now much easier and more intuitive to use.

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Effective Shop and Field Solutions for Compliance to OSHA 1926.754

Product Number: 41206-228-SG

Author: Laura Costello

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

For almost two decades, organizations supporting the ironworker’s industry have sought constructive solutions to improve the footing for ironworkers during erection of structural steel. This issue, specifically as it relates to the coatings industry, is the loss of traction between the ironworker’s footwear and the coated steel beam, and the potential for the worker of falling to their death as a result of slipping on wet or damp coated steel beam surfaces.

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Effectiveness of Epoxy and Moisture-Cure Polyurethane Coatings in Corrosion Mitigation of Embedded Rebar- an Experimental Study

Product Number: 51320-14405-SG

Author: Raghava Kumar Vanama, Balaji Ramakrishnan

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Chloride induced corrosion is the prime reason for the degradation of embedded rebar in reinforced concrete marine structures. The present study experimentally investigates the effectiveness of traditional two-component epoxy (EPX), and moisture-cure polyurethane coatings (MC) applied on the concrete surface in reducing the rate of chloride ingression compared to the conventional concrete with and without mineral admixtures like fly ash and GGBS. Coatings used in the present study are characterized by XRD, EDAX, FEG-SEM, water uptake, adhesion strength and contact angle tests. Rapid chloride migration tests (RCMT) were conducted on concrete with and without coatings. Resistivity offered against the chloride migration monitored during the RCMT test indicated that concrete with MC shown higher resistivity in the initial period and continued to decrease over the test duration at a faster rate, unlike EPX. The non-steady-state migration coefficients of the concrete cured for 28days and coated with MC and EPX coatings were found to be nearly 22% and 48% of that of concrete with SCM cured for 84days respectively. The study is further extended to monitor the corrosion of rebar embedded in coated concrete subjected to corrosion acceleration until the first crack appeared on an uncoated specimen. Variation in current flow, half-cell potentials recorded during the acceleration test and actual mass loss of embedded rebar estimated by gravimetric analysis are presented in this paper.

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Effectiveness of the Methods for Detection and Evaluation of Corrosion on the ReinforcementSteel of RC Structures – A State-Of-Practice Review

Product Number: MECC23-20127-SG

Author: Carlos E. Acero

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the most common forms of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, having a large impact on both their life-cycle cost, and overall performance. For example, according to the 2021 Report Card for American’s Infrastructure of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) [1], the amount of money needed to fix existing civil infrastructures in the USA is in the order of six (6) trillion USD; most of this is in connection to corrosion-related concrete deterioration.

Corrosion of steel embedded in concrete is an electrochemical process that occurs when a potential difference along the bars forms a cell with anode and cathode zones on the steel, and the pore water in the hardened cement paste serves as electrolyte [2].

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Effectiveness of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors for Corrosion Control of Tank Bottom Plate

Product Number: 51319-13098-SG

Author: Pavan Shukla

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Soil-side corrosion of above ground storage tank bottoms is a major challenge for the midstream operators owning tanks farms. In North America most of the above ground storage tanks include active cathodic protection (CP) systems to protect soil-side of the tank bottoms from corrosion. However CP systems could fail leading to unprotected tank bottom and sometime extensive corrosion could occur even with an active CP system in place. In addition a tank without a CP system could experience elevated corrosion including pitting corrosion. Vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) are being promoted as alternative corrosion control measures.A pipeline research council international (PRCI)-sponsored study was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of the VCIs in mitigating corrosion. The study was conducted to determine to determine whether the VCIs are effective in mitigating corrosion to a level comparable to a working CP system for tank bottoms. Extensive amount of laboratory scale testing was conducted and the experimental data were rigorously analyzed. It was found that the VCIs are effective in mitigating corrosion when vendor specific recommended dosages are used but the corrosion rates were not mitigated to the extent specified in NACE SP0193 and NACE SP0169 for demonstrating adequate cathodic protection.

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Effectiveness of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors under Bacterial Activity for Aboveground Storage Tank Application

Product Number: 51324-20789-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla; Roderick E. Fuentes; Andrew Nordquist; Bruce J. Wiersma; Ingrid Pederson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Bacterial activity is known to influence corrosion and can result in increasing soil-side corrosion of the aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) floor plates. Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP) defines this phenomenon as Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC). It has been hypothesized that vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) can not only function in presence of bacterial activity but can also function as biocides. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of bacterial activity on corrosion in the sand pad conditions and effect of VCIs in mitigating MIC. Various bacteria cultures were grown using commercially available culture media, and coupon exposure tests were performed with field sand mixed with the culture media. To this end, control and VCI-dosed electrolytes were prepared using the field sand plus bacteria cultures. Pre- and post-test bacteria concentration estimation and measurements, respectively, in the VCI-dosed electrolytes indicated that VCIs do not function as biocides, however, VCIs are highly effective for mitigating corrosion in presence of bacterial activity.

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Effectiveness of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors under Elevated Chloride Conditions for Aboveground Storage Tank Application

Product Number: 51324-20791-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla; Roderick E. Fuentes; Andrew Nordquist; Bruce J. Wiersma; Ingrid Pederson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The sand quality used to construct the tank pad is an important contributing factor to the rate of corrosion that occurs on the soil-side of the aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) floor plates. Clean sand that meets specific criteria provides the first line of defense for mitigation of tank floor corrosion. However, it has been observed that the sand quality used for some existing tanks differ greatly from the specifications provided in the API 651 standard; this could be partially due to initial sand quality not meeting the specification, and partially due to the environmental effects over time. For example, rain-water intrusion could lead to higher than the specified contents of corrosive species such as chloride. Tank operators are increasingly using vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) either as a stand alone or in combination with cathodic protection (CP) for ASTs to mitigate soil-side corrosion. VCIs are delivered either through-the-floor or injected through the ports in the ring wall. Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate VCIs’ performance at elevated chloride concentrations and to study the effectiveness of the delivery methods under extreme chloride conditions. The experimental work found that VCI performance is robust and not compromised due to high chloride levels, such as 300 ppm or more. The work also showed that the through-the-floor VCI delivery method is more beneficial compared to the through-the-sand-pad method when tank pad corrosivity is elevated.

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Effects of Alloying Elements for Resistance to Naphthenic Acid Corrosion of 18Cr Austenitic Stainless Steels

Product Number: 51317--9057-SG

ISBN: 9057 2017 CP

Author: Masahiro Seto

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

In this study, the effect of Mo, Cu and W contents in stainless steels on both NAC and PTA SCC resistance are investigated. The purpose was to optimize a proprietary version of UNS S34751 (TP347LN) with excellent PTA SCC resistance.

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Effects of Annealing Temperature on Pitting Corrosion of LDX 2003 and LDX 2404 Duplex Stainless Steels

Product Number: 51317--9156-SG

ISBN: 9156 2017 CP

Author: Liang He

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Electrochemical methods were used to evaluate pitting susceptibility of differently heat-treated DSS samples. Results from this study provide further knowledge on the heat treatment effects for the relatively new grades of lean duplex stainless steels.

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Effects of Blasting Methods on the Performance of Organic Coatings

Product Number: 41206-267-SG

Author: Andreas W. Momber

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

The effects of three blasting methods utilised for surface preparation upon the behavior of five organic coating systems are investigated. The blasting methods include dry blast cleaning, UHP and UHPAB. It is shown that pull-off strength, pull-off failure mode, and delamination are significantly affected by the surface preparation method.