AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Strontium Effect on Sulfate Scale Precipitation: Kinetics and Inhibition

Product Number: 51320-14608-SG

Author: Yue Zhao, Alex Yi-Tsung Lu, Xin Wang, Chong Dai, Samridhdi Paudyal, Saebom Ko, Guannan Deng, Sana Mateen, Amy T Kan, Mason Tomson

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

The multicomponents of the produced water often results in the formation of the solid solution, such as BaxSr1-xSO4. The suspended solids collected from industry often show the presence of Sr2+ in the BaSO4 scale, indicating the formation of BaxSr1-xSO4 solid solution. Thus, it is important to study the solubility, kinetics and inhibition of the solid solution to have a better prediction of the sulfate scale deposition rate and amount.
In this research, we will mainly focus on the effect of the incorporation of Sr2+ on the deposition rate of BaxSr1-xSO4 solid solution scale. The flow through system with two different reactors was used in the experiments. From the experimental results, we can find that the deposition rate of the BaxSr1-xSO4 solid solution decreased significantly with the increase of strontium concentration at a constant barium sulfate supersaturation. The deposition rate decreased up to six times when strontium concentration in aqueous phase increased from [Sr2+] = 0.5[Ba2+] to [Sr2+] = 8[Ba2+], all with SIBarite = 0.9. The decrease of the SI of the BaxSr1-xSO4 solid solution was found with the increase of Sr2+ in the aqueous phase. This might be the reason for the retardation of Sr2+ on BaxSr1-xSO4 deposition rate.

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Structural FRP Applications on Topside Projects – How do CAPEX and OPEX costs really compare to conventional carbon steel?

Product Number: MPWT19-15325

Author: Simon Eves

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Offshore projects today are demanding ever more reductions in both CapEx and OpEx. Tertiary structural products (eg handrails, gratings, ladders and platforms) made in steel may at first seem to be the lowest cost option, but steel is heavy and eventually suffers from corrosion which can be a significant drain on budgets and resources.
The benefits of FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) tertiary structural products for offshore oil and gas projects can be very significant, with substantial weight reduction, lower installation costs and minimal maintenance. But how can these recognized FRP benefits against steel be translated into actual CapEx and OpEx savings when used in oil and gas projects?
This aim of this paper is to offer answer to this question, by presenting a study of the projected Whole Life Cost and Value Proposition for the MARRS Offshore FRP Handrail using data drawn from the recent BP Clair Ridge Project.

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Structural Performance of FRP Materials After Subsea Long Term Immersion

Product Number: 51317--9183-SG

ISBN: 9183 2017 CP

Author: Simon Eves

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper will present the issues facing long term subsea ageing of Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) materials subsea, the laboratory and real-time test programme undertaken by NOV (National Oilwell Varco) Fiber Glass Systems (FGS) Pipex (still ongoing) and an overview of the results.

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Structure And Related Effectiveness Of Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Inhibitors

Product Number: 51322-18157-SG

Author: Oussama Zenasni, Maria D Marquez, Philip Thornthwaite, John N. Scholz

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Opportunity crudes are generally defined as petroleum crudes bearing a high level of sulfur, metals, or total acid number (TAN). These crudes are typically offered at a discounted value. Thus, refining such crudes carries with it a lucrative incentive. However, due to the above-mentioned characteristics, processing such crudes presents numerous operational challenges as well, such as naphthenic acid corrosion, which is commonly associated with the high TAN content in these crudes. In refinery units such as the crude distillation tower, these carboxylic acids react with the iron atoms of the metal surfaces to produce oil soluble iron carboxylates.^1,2 The continued formation of such complexes would then erode the metal surface. Equipment failure due to such corrosion results in shutting down a large segment or the entire refinery. Therefore, establishing a means for mitigating this type of corrosion is paramount for processing crude oils with an elevated TAN due to naphthenic acids.

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Study for Quantification Method of Coating Degradation Mode Due to Outdoor Environmental Factors

Product Number: 51321-16373-SG

Author: Yoko Nishida/ Yoshitaka Baba

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Study into the Cause of Failure of a Ductile Iron Water Pipe

Product Number: 51324-20696-SG

Author: Walter T. Young; Jeffrey Wells; Erin Nelson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Campbell County Utilities and Services Authority in Lynchburg, VA installed a 12-inch ductile iron water pipe in 2008. It is the main water supply to the Concord area of Campbell County and Appomattox, VA. Since 2018, 16 leaks have occurred on the pipe within a two-mile length concentrated at two general locations. The pipe parallels fiber optic communications cables on both sides of the street but has no other potential interference sources. The pipe is cement mortar lined but is not externally coated, bonded or cathodically protected. A study was performed to determine the cause(s) of the leaks and the most appropriate remediation. The study consisted of soil resistivity and potential gradient measurements along the pipe run and excavation of the pipe in the most aggressive area and removal of a length of pipe for detailed inspection and chemical, metallurgical, and mechanical testing. This paper describes the study results in detail and the mitigation recommendations.

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Study of Adsorption of Corrosion Inhibitor on Carbon Steel Under Co2 Environment by Using AFM

Product Number: 51317--9290-SG

ISBN: 9290 2017 CP

Author: Zineb Belarbi

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Adsorption/desorption process of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-oleyl-2-imidazolinium chloride on carbon steel. To study adsorption of imidazolinium chloride on carbon steel, in-situ atomic force microscopy measurements were performed in air, with and without imidazolinium chloride, in a 1 wt% NaCl solution purged with CO2 at pH 4.

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Study of CO2 Corrosion Behavior of Graphene Oxide/Epoxy Composite Coating in High Chloride Environment

Product Number: 51319-13212-SG

Author: Hao Xu

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Due to the special structure and chemical properties graphene oxide has a broad application prospect in corrosion protection. Graphene oxide/epoxy composite coatings were prepared to investigate the CO2 corrosion behavior in high chloride environment. SEM XRD and other technologies were used to characterize the physical properties of the graphene oxide/epoxy composite coatings. The corrosion resistance of graphene oxide/epoxy coatings was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curve.In order to increase the dispersion of graphene oxide in epoxy 3-triethoxysilyl-1-Propanamine(KH550) was used to modify the graphene oxide. Then graphene oxide/epoxy composite coatings with different mass fraction of modified graphene oxide were prepared by physical dispersion method.Results showed that the addition of modified graphene oxide improved the anti-corrosion properties of the epoxy coating. The corrosion potential(Ecorr) of 0.5%wt graphene oxide/epoxy composite coating (Ecorr =-255mV) was more positive than that of the epoxy coating(Ecorr =-631 mV). Besides although the corrosion resistance of the graphene oxide/epoxy composite coating was weakened after long-term immersion it still can provide a considerable protection for the base metal from CO2 corrosion in high chlorideenvironment.

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Study of Galvanic Potential of Zinc and Steel to Elucidate Open Circuit Potential Values of Galvanized Steel Rebar in Concrete Structures

Product Number: 51319-13336-SG

Author: Zehbour Panossian

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The measurement of the open circuit potential of the reinforcement is used to identify regions in concrete structures with active process of corrosion. For black steel rebars ASTM C876: 2015 provides the correlation between the numerical value of the potentials measured and the steel rebar condition defining a range with a greater than 90 % probability of occurrence of corrosion or a greater than 90 % probability of not being corroded and between these an corrosion condition uncertain. However the values of potential established for black steel rebar are not applicable to reinforced concrete structure composed of galvanized steel rebars because the zinc and the steel are a galvanic couple and the value of the open circuit potential is a function of the exposed area ratio of the zinc by area of the steel. In order to verify and elaborate a classification similar to that of the black steel rebar for galvanized steel rebar the open circuit potential of galvanic couple of zinc/steel was measured considering various area ratios in simulated pore solutions with and without chloride ion contamination. The obtained potentials were compared to the steel rebar potentials embedded in concrete.

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Study of HIC Cracking and Raw Material Failure during Manufacturing of ERW Pipes

Product Number: MPWT19-15032

Author: Ahmed M. Al-Maghlouth1, Mohammed S. Al-Sultan, Yasser S. Al-Subhi, Khalid M. Ba Bakri

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

In this paper, a detailed analysis was performed on weld longitudinal cracks (Weld Bond Cracks can be mistaken for Hydrogen Induced (HIC) cracks.) appeared after HIC testing of Electric Resistance Weld pipes (ERW) 8”-16” NPS 0.375”-0.5” WT carbon steel grade X60 which was welded using a 150-hertz induction heating has been studied in relation the development of hydrogen induced cracking. A comprehensive experiment and testing was done to evaluate both mechanical and microstructural properties of the cracks. The result of the study indicates that raw material failure to meet HIC resistance requirements may appear on the ERW welded pipes due to Steel re-oxidation, Low tundish level, and Double calcium treatment during steel making

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Study of High Strength Low Alloy Steel OCTG with High Carbon Contents for Mildly Sour Service

Product Number: 51317--9051-SG

ISBN: 9051 2017 CP

Author: Yuji Arai

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

For development of further high-strength low-alloy steel OCTG for sour service, effects of carbon content on the strength, microstructure, and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance of low-alloy steel were fundamentally investigated.

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Study Of Inhibition Efficiency Of Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors In the Presence Of Heptane

Product Number: 51322-18003-SG

Author: Maryam Eslami, Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Top of the line corrosion (TLC) is a phenomenon encountered in the transportation of wet gas, where temperature differences between the pipelines and the surroundings lead to condensation of water and subsequent metal degradation. This kind of corrosion occurs due to the condensation of saturated vapors present in the unprocessed gas stream which collects on the internal surface of the cold pipe wall. The condensed liquid contains hydrocarbons and water. It forms a thin film and/or droplets of liquid on the pipeline. The condensed water phase can be, at least initially, very corrosive to typical pipeline (made of carbon steel), because it contains dissolved acid gases (such as carbon dioxide [CO₂] and hydrogen sulfide [H₂S]) and organic acids (such as acetic acid [CH₃COOH]).¹

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance