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51316-7375-Premature Failure of Access Fittings Installed on High Pressure Effluent Water Lines Due to Microbiologically Induced Corrosion

Picture for Effect of Incorporation of Calcium into Iron Carbonate Protective Layers in CO2 Corrosion of Mild St
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Product Number: 51316-7375-SG
ISBN: 7375 2016 CP
Author: Saba Navabzadeh Esmaeely
Publication Date: 2016
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The two dominant cationic species in reservoir brine are sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+). Because calcite (CaCO3) and siderite (FeCO3) are isostructural Ca2+ incorporates readily into the hexagonal FeCO3 lattice and vice versa. In aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) solutions where both Ca2+ and ferrous iron (Fe2+) are present (such as downhole gas reservoirs or deep saline aquifers after CO2 injection) mixed metal carbonates with the formula FexCayCO3 (x+y=1) can form. This inhomogeneity may lead to localized corrosion. During carbon steel corrosion experiments conducted in electrolytes containing high Ca2+ concentrations inhomogeneous corrosion product layers with the composition FexCayCO3 (x+y=1) were indeed observed along with non-uniform corrosion. Determining relative molar fractions of Ca2+ and Fe2+ in FexCayCO3 is paramount to predicting the relative properties and stability of such mixed metal carbonates. Using Bragg’s Law and equations to relate inter-planar spacings to unit cell parameters X-ray diffraction (XRD) data yielded values for the molar fraction of Ca2+ in FexCayCO3. Procedures in the current study were designed to develop a range of specific corrosion product layers on mild steel samples. The compositional analysis of these surface layers was used to develop a relationship with the observed corrosion mechanisms. Experiments were conducted at constant Cl- concentration with and without 10000 ppm Ca2+ in stagnant conditions for two different flow conditions. In stagnant conditions. localized corrosion was associated with the presence of Ca2+ and the inhomogeneity of the corrosion product layer. The corrosion attack became uniform when flow was introduced.
The two dominant cationic species in reservoir brine are sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+). Because calcite (CaCO3) and siderite (FeCO3) are isostructural Ca2+ incorporates readily into the hexagonal FeCO3 lattice and vice versa. In aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) solutions where both Ca2+ and ferrous iron (Fe2+) are present (such as downhole gas reservoirs or deep saline aquifers after CO2 injection) mixed metal carbonates with the formula FexCayCO3 (x+y=1) can form. This inhomogeneity may lead to localized corrosion. During carbon steel corrosion experiments conducted in electrolytes containing high Ca2+ concentrations inhomogeneous corrosion product layers with the composition FexCayCO3 (x+y=1) were indeed observed along with non-uniform corrosion. Determining relative molar fractions of Ca2+ and Fe2+ in FexCayCO3 is paramount to predicting the relative properties and stability of such mixed metal carbonates. Using Bragg’s Law and equations to relate inter-planar spacings to unit cell parameters X-ray diffraction (XRD) data yielded values for the molar fraction of Ca2+ in FexCayCO3. Procedures in the current study were designed to develop a range of specific corrosion product layers on mild steel samples. The compositional analysis of these surface layers was used to develop a relationship with the observed corrosion mechanisms. Experiments were conducted at constant Cl- concentration with and without 10000 ppm Ca2+ in stagnant conditions for two different flow conditions. In stagnant conditions. localized corrosion was associated with the presence of Ca2+ and the inhomogeneity of the corrosion product layer. The corrosion attack became uniform when flow was introduced.
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Picture for Premature Failure of Access Fittings on High Pressure Effluent Water Lines Due to Microbiologically
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51316-7367- Premature Failure of Access Fittings Installed on High Pressure Effluent Water Lines Due to Microbiologically Induced Corrosion

Product Number: 51316-7367-SG
ISBN: 7367 2016 CP
Author: Abdul Razzaq Al-Shamari
Publication Date: 2016
$20.00

Investigations of access fittings (AFs) revealed that the internals of the AFs particularly the primary seal area had suffered severe corrosion damage. Based on corrosion coupon data and accompanying bacteria analysis data & corrosion morphological features, premature failures could be attributed to microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC).
Picture for A Biosensor for Sulfide Detection and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Monitoring
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51316-7388-A Biosensor for Sulfide Detection and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Monitoring

Product Number: 51316-7388-SG
ISBN: 7388 2016 CP
Author: Xin Pang
Publication Date: 2016
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Picture for Corrosion of Metallic Materials in Oxidizing and Reducing Gases Relevant to Oxyfuel Combustion
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51316-7391-Corrosion of Metallic Materials in Oxidizing and Reducing Gases Relevant to Oxyfuel Combustion

Product Number: 51316-7391-SG
ISBN: 7391 2016 CP
Author: Pawel Huczkowski
Publication Date: 2016
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