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As long ago as 1973, design codes1 considered the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement due to CP. Between 1986 and 19952-4 the failure of DSS fasteners subjected to CP were reported. These were associated with high ferrite levels in the steel (approximately 70%) combined with precipitation hardening at 475°C to give the high levels of strength desired for fastener applications. At the same time, the susceptibility of DSS welds to hydrogen embrittlement had been reported5. Just like the fastener failures, the hydrogen cracking of welds was associated with high ferrite levels (70%), highly restrained joints and in the case of welds, high levels of diffusible hydrogen.
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Since the inception of the US commercial nuclear power program in the 1950’s, criteria have existed for ensuring the satisfactory performance of reactor containment protective coatings over the life of the plant. These criteria have been modified and updated periodically to reflect improvement of the industry and regulatory experience and knowledge bases. This presentation reviews the development of the current qualification requirements for US commercial nuclear power plant reactor containment coatings.
It is well known that corrosion has a significant impact on sustainment, system costs, and system availability to the warfighter. Mitigating such impacts is one of the greatest drivers to DoD Science &Technology (S&T) requirements and therefore research programs.
Previous studies have shown that the presence of oxygen in wet carbon steel pipelines can present a major integrity management issue. The presence of O2 in the process accelerates corrosion rates and has been identified as a major culprit in the formation of black solids in gas transmission pipelines.
Issues faced by operators with low temperature sandstone reservoirs of only 40°C and 54°C and challenges these low temperatures brought, including high MIC for sulphate scale control and poor chemical retention & release properties during the reservoir condition corefloods.
When protective coatings are considered for application work, normal uses such as concrete coating, waterproofing, abrasion protection; steel corrosion protection; and other protective applications are the norm. However, there is a whole world of other uses for protective coatings including personal protection applications. The reality is that coating systems are being used for a variety of government, military, police and personal protection applications with excellent results.
In 2001 the UK Health and Safety Executive published “Review of Corrosion Management for Offshore Technology Report 2001/00”. This was the first document related to corrosion management system (CMS), which was updated in March 2019 and incorporated the PDCA (Plan-do-check-act) approach. However, the topic of CMS reached its peak after NACE published “NACE IMPACT Study” in 2016.
Under deposit corrosion (UDC) and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) are threats to dead legs and low flow/intermittent flow pipelines. Deposit characterization methods, corrosion mechanisms, mitigation methods and monitoring are addressed.
Leadership is the ability to motivate and inspire people towards achieving a positive change. Leadership starts with an awareness of self and is driven by a deep understanding of both personal values and the values of wider teams and organizations.
Often leadership is confused with the skill of management, which is defined here as the ability to develop and action structured plans, processes, procedures to achieve required outcomes within defined constraints and with specific resources.
Colocation of a new transmission line with an existing pipeline right of way (ROW) can have many benefits including lower cost and quicker acquisition of easements. Public utility commissions and other government agencies may suggest or direct colocation with other utilities. However close alignment between transmission line and pipelines will result in inducing voltages and currents into the pipeline(s). These induced voltages and currents may have undesirable consequences for the pipeline inducing unsafe step and touch potentials damage to pipeline coatings and damage to the pipeline steel including AC corrosion. While there are many techniques available to mitigate these effects doing so may be very costly. Increasing separation distance between the utilities is generally more cost effective than providing very extensive mitigation. It is far better to assess these costs during the route selection process rather than to be committed to a preferred route than to discover that IAC mitigation will be very complex costly and will resulting delaying completion of the project. This paper presents a recent case history that fully illustrates the complexity time delays and cost associated with IAC mitigation for four large diameter natural gas lines from a newly constructed 220 kV wind farm transmission line after the preferred route has been selected and ROW had been purchased.