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There is no doubt that Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) of steel reinforced concrete has, over the last decades, become a well-established technique for controlling reinforcement corrosion of structural elements. The expectation of long-life protection has, however, been somewhat reduced as some anode systems fail, monitoring equipment become antiquated, and lack of adequate maintenance makes the systems inoperable with the average service life of any ICCP system falling to 15-20 years.
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When a pipeline is co-located with an AC powerline, it is subject to AC interference effects. These AC interference effects can result in safety hazards to operating personnel and the public under powerline steady-state (normal operation) and fault (short-circuit) conditions.
From stress corrosion cracking of baffle-former bolts to radiological hazards from Co-60, corrosion of structural materials is the root of many operational issues that occur in light water nuclear reactors. Corrosion must be controlled to mitigate the risks of larger problems that reduce the operational time and lifespan of a reactor. One fundamental feature of nuclear reactors is the radiation field which is known to impact corrosion behavior. However, there is a severe lack of understanding the underlying mechanisms of radiation effects on corrosion, especially for stainless steels. Ion irradiation experiments allow for the controlled study of radiation effects on corrosion and to compensate for the lack of reactor data on structural materials.
The extension of nuclear reactor lifetimes beyond 40 years requires the qualification of plant components to ensure performance past their initial design requirements. Nickel-based alloys containing chromium (NiCr) are of concern at these extended lifetimes, as these types of alloys form an embrittling precipitate phase. Below a critical temperature—which is above the normal 300-400⁰C reactor operating temperatures—NiCr alloys form a stable, fully coherent MoPt2-typelong-range ordered (LRO) phase with stoichiometry Ni2Cr.
A new building was under construction for a hospital campus for specialized treatment. For logistical reasons, a multi-million dollar piece of medical equipment was placed in one room prior to completion of construction. A pedestal is installed on the floor and houses copper gas tubing and electrical connections for the equipment.
Corrosion rate monitoring techniques, using coupons and probes of various designs and technologies, have been in use for decades in some form or another. Weight-loss coupons were an early type of direct measurement of metal loss to determine the rate of corrosion in many applications, internal and external. These coupons could be placed where corrosion is suspected to be occurring and the rate of corrosion determined by removing and weighing the coupon after a set period.
To properly protect workers from skin-contact burns in compliance with U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines, it is imperative that the coating provides the proper system barrier and prevents heat transmission that could cause irreversible tissue damage. For passive heated surfaces, ASTM C1055 (Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries), (1) and ASTM C1057 (Standard Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and Thermethesiometer) provide the standard procedure to test a coatings ability to prevent serious burn injuries and provides the skin temperature limits that human tissue endures before irreversible harm (Figure 1). There are two primary methods used to comply with these OSHA guidelines for workers who may come into contact with pipe and tank surfaces.
The Fukushima Daiichi Accident in 2011, which was the result of the Great East Japan Earthquake, tsunami, and prolonged station blackout, increased the focus on developing accident tolerant fuel cladding (ATFC), especially on the use of protective coatings. Coatings have been widely used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, and nuclear to improve corrosion resistance, enhance hardness and physical properties, and reduce wear. In an accident scenario, a coating may aid in reducing the oxidation kinetics and hydrogen evolution rates. The present study investigates the benefits that physical vapour deposited nitride-based coatings may have for ATFC.
Oil and gas transportation pipelines are often prone to internal corrosion in service environments. Two main strategies used to combat the problem of internal corrosion in pipelines involve the use of corrosion inhibitors (CIs) and more corrosion resistant alloys. Corrosion mitigation using inhibitors is a favorable choice because of better economic feasibility.
Most cured epoxy resins provide excellent mechanical strength and toughness as well as outstanding chemical, moisture, and corrosion resistance. They also have good thermal, adhesive, and electrical properties, no volatiles emissions, low shrinkage upon cure and dimensional stability1. This unique combination of properties coupled with outstanding formulating versatility and reasonable costs, have gained epoxy resins wide acceptance as materials of choice for a multitude of protective coatings applications.
The formation of carbon deposits and fouling of tubes is one of the most common operational issues regarding the operability and lifetime of materials at an industrial scale. Several billion dollars are spent worldwide on annual basis to upgrade/change materials apart from revenue loss on account of production halt and additional costs incurred in maintenances. Particularly, the carbon deposition in the refining process is an evitable and undesired factor. Most refineries worldwide have vacuum distillation, delayed cokers, visbreakers, or thermal cracking units where coke formation occurs faster due to high temperatures used in the process.
During the rebuilding after hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast in 2005, construction inspectors in coastal areas began noticing that the galvanized connectors being used were already rusting before the framing was complete. These were the same connectors, such as hurricane straps, joist hangers, beam hangers, and hurricane ties, which are easily seen beneath the elevated houses along the shoreline. Even on the construction projects that specified stainless steel connectors, inspectors could see tarnishing before the framing was complete.