AMPP Store - AMPP Conference Papers

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Optimizing Pipeline AC Threat Assessments using Computational Aided Engineering (CAE) Modelling

Product Number: 51323-19219-SG

Author: Christophe Baeté, Dr Olga Dolgikh

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

There are several well documented reports and standards that detail what information is required to assist with an AC threat assessment. The Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP) also details specific requirements and recommendations in terms of AC and the type of data and information required, in the NACE standard SP0177-2019, “Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning Effects on Metallic Structures and Corrosion Control Systems”. The documents and reports which address AC threat assessment, and which are available today, are all premised upon best engineering practices.

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Optimizing Sol-Gel Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Braking Discs

Product Number: 51323-18872-SG

Author: Nicola Nocera, Bozhena Tsyupa, Marco Bandiera, Mary Angel Abello, Pietro Della Bella, Alessandro Piglione, Andrea Bonfanti, Federico Bertasi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

As far as the automotive sector is concerned, braking discs (BDs) are objects usually made of Grey Cast-Iron (GCI), i.e. a material exhibiting overall good mechanical properties and castability, but poor corrosion resistance. In particular, looking at the standard working conditions of a disc brake system, several environmental factors can cause and enhance GCI corrosion phenomena, such as: i) atmospheric moisture; i) ionic species contained in aerosols (e.g., chlorides and sulfates); iii) air differential corrosion caused by discs surface soiling by mud or other materials; and iv) galvanic coupling between the rotor and the braking pads.

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Optimizing Sour Gas Qualification Testing – Modeling the Effects of Temperature and Total Pressure on H2S Fugacity, Activity, and Solubility Coefficients

Product Number: 51323-18762-SG

Author: Brent W.A. Sherar, Diana Miller, Hui Li

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Traditionally, sour severity of high-pressure, high temperature (HPHT) oil and gas production wells were assessed by H2S partial pressure (PH2S): The mole fraction of H2S in the gas (yH2S) multiplied by the total pressure (PT). While PH2S is appropriate for characterizing the sour severity of wellbores operating at low total pressures (e.g., PT < 35 MPa) and/or for highly sour systems (e.g., yH2S > 1 mol%), PH2S usually over-predicts the actual sour severity of HPHT systems, leading to sub-optimal material selection options.

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Organic corrosion inhibitors for the prevention of stress corrosion cracking in 5XXX-series aluminum

Product Number: 51323-19223-SG

Author: Lauryn Baranowski, Ron Cook, Jeannine Elliott, Brian France, Trudy Scholten, Justin Feis, Morgan Sibbald, Douglas Hines, John York, Mark Schultz, Veronica Lemmerman

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

5XXX-series aluminum has been used in multiple naval vessels because it offers excellent strength to weight ratios, weldability and low cost. Although 5XXX series aluminum alloys generally provide excellent corrosion resistance, exposure to moderately elevated temperatures (e.g., solar exposure) results in sensitization due to precipitation of the beta phase (Mg2Al3) at the grain boundaries. The sensitization of marine grade aluminum and subsequent material degradation due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion (IGC) is a severe problem, causing expensive repairs and out of service time.

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Overview Of Scale Issues And Treatment For Sour Water Strippers

Product Number: 51322-17549-SG

Author: Haiping Lu, Swamy Margan, Bill Watson, William Mansfield, Jim Kiolbassa

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Sour water stripping is used to remove ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from sour water streams coming from many operation units to condition it for discharge or reuse.^1-3 In a complex refinery, most of the sour water comes from distillation, fluid catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, coker and acid gas removal units, with many other operations contributing to the balance. The different streams are usually collected in a surge tank for centralized processing via a heat exchanger and a single stripper column, or two in series.

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Oxidation and Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of Several Additively Manufactured Ni-Based Superalloys

Product Number: 51324-21117-SG

Author: Lucas Teeter; Martin Detrois; Kyle Rozman; Chantal K. Sudbrack

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The environmental degradation of additively manufactured Ni-based superalloys (INCONEL® 625 (IN625), Haynes® 282® (H282), and INCONEL® 718 (IN718)), fabricated by laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) and fully heat-treated, is being screened for hydrogen service in industrial gas turbines. Oxidation experiments in air, on printed and machined surface conditions at 750 °C for 164, 500, and 2,010 hours revealed thicker oxides for printed conditions for IN625 and H282 and thicker oxides for machined conditions for IN718. The chromium oxide that developed was thickest for H282 and showed higher incorporation of Ni/Fe-based oxides for the as-printed surfaces. Ex-situ hydrogen embrittlement was evaluated by electrochemically charging flat test bars for 72hours in 0.1 M H2SO4 + 1 g/L CH4N2S then slow strain rate tensile testing (0.0039 mm/min) at room temperature. All experienced reduction in strain failure of that lead to a hydrogen embrittlement index of 16%, 18%, and 30% for IN625, H282, and IN718, respectively. Oxidation kinetics showed the highest to smallest oxidation rate: H282, IN625, and IN718. The oxidation rates were higher on the as-printed surfaces for H282 and IN625 but lower for IN718. Topographical imaging of the fracture surfaces showed a 30-100 µm deep embrittlement zone at the surface developed during hydrogen charging, but no significant differences between charged and as-received specimens in the center where ductile dimpling behavior is dominate.

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Oxidation Assessment and Impact of Pre-oxidation on Hot Corrosion Behavior of Fe- and Ni-based Alloys

Product Number: 51324-20991-SG

Author: Haofei Sun; Chentao He; Jing Liu

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In this study, we first validated the oxidation performance of Alloy 800 (Fe-based alloy) and 625 (Ni-based alloy) within the temperature range of 700-1000 °C. After 24 hours of oxidation at 1000°C in air, the mass gain is measured as 2.53 and 1.86 mg/cm2 for Alloy 800 and 625, respectively, with their increase rates approximately reaching 6 times compared with those at 900 °C. The main oxidation scale in both two alloys is identified as a Cr2O3 layer with minor NiCr2O4 from 800-1000 °C. A crucial facet of this investigation involved subjecting the alloys to pre-oxidation treatment at 1000 °C for 24 hours, resulting in reduced mass gain during subsequent hot corrosion evaluations with NaCl/Na2SO4 salts at 900°C, particularly noticeable in Alloy 800, where a dense oxidation layer formed. However, cross-sections of both two alloys show a deep penetration by Na and O. These findings reveal the limited protective role of the Cr2O3 layer in augmenting resistance to hot corrosion while offering valuable insights into materials' performance in high-temperature environments and industrial applications.

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Oxidation Resistant Behaviors of Commercial High Temperature Alloys in the Atmospheres Containing Water Vapor

Product Number: 51324-20729-SG

Author: Bingtao Li; Vinay Deodeshmukh; Lee M. Pike

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Water vapor has significant effects on high temperature oxidation behaviors of high temperature alloys, especially on chromia-forming alloys due to oxidative evaporation of chromia scale. The objectives of this work are to study high temperature oxidation behaviors of commercial high temperature alloys, including seven chromia-formers, such as N06230, R30188, N08120, N06002, N06625, N06617, S34700, and three alumina-formers, such as N07214, NiCoCrMoAl, NiFeCrAl, at the temperatures from 760 to 1093°C (1400 to 2000°F) for up to one year exposure in the air atmospheres containing (5-30)% water vapor. The effects of water vapor content, temperature, heating/cooling condition, and alloy composition were analyzed from the results of metal loss and internal oxidation penetration, along with comparison with their oxidation behaviors tested in air without water vapor addition. The study shows, in general, water vapor could accelerate oxidation attack, and higher water vapor contents could cause more oxidation attack. However, high temperature oxidation behaviors of high temperature alloys will depend on multiple factors that need to be considered, especially when comparing oxidation results generated under different testing conditions.

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Oxygen Consumption As Sensitive Measure Of Polymer Electrical Cable Insulation Aging

Product Number: ED22-17274-SG

Author: Yelin Ni, Katarzyna Grubel, Jonathan D. Egbert, Leonard S. Fifield

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

It is of sustained interest to estimate the remaining useful lifetime of polymers used as cable insulation in nuclear power plants for cable aging management and license extension purposes. Studies have been focused on a range of topics from mechanism of degradation process, kinetic modeling, effects on chemical signatures and mechanical properties, and accelerated aging techniques for lifetime prediction.

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Oxygen Corrosion Control for Multiphase and Gas Phase Pipelines

Product Number: MECC23-20154-SG

Author: Geeta Rana, Henry Garlick, Caleb Clark, Jeremy Moloney

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Produced fluids in O&G sector in general do not contain oxygen, but oxygen ingress can occur at locations. Examples of such spaces can include but not limited to vapor space in tanks, custody transfers, injection pumps, vapor recovery systems, operating pumps with faulty seals, pipelines that are not properly purged of oxygen during commissioning operations, gas lift operations, methanol use or pigging operations.
This contamination of O2 in sweet/sour systems can lead to oxygen induced corrosion and may cause high general and pitting corrosion rates and failures.

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Performance Of Additively Manufactured Alloy 718 In Sour Service

Product Number: 51322-18029-SG

Author: Liu Cao, Christopher Taylor

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Alloy UNS N07718 (hereafter abbreviated as 718) is one of the most versatile precipitation-hardened nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) used for both surface and sub-sea components in oil and gas production service. API 6ACRA¹ provides heat treatment windows and acceptance criteria for 718 in these oil and gas production environments, in which the heat treatment is intended to obtain high strength and to minimize the formation of δ-phase at grain boundaries. As pointed out in NACE MR0175 Part 3² (Table 1), field failures of 718 components in sour service are primarily related to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at elevated temperatures and hydrogen embrittlement in the lower temperature range. The latter is specifically called galvanically induced hydrogen stress cracking (GHSC or GIHSC), which is typically caused by atomic hydrogen uptake from galvanic corrosion or cathodic protection (CP) when 718 is used with steel components in a seawater environment. CP is normally used to protect steel component from corrosion in subsea environments.

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Performance of API 5L X65 in 138 MPa Supercritical CO2

Product Number: 51323-18863-SG

Author: Shiladitya Paul

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Carbon steels and low alloy steels are the workhorse of several industries where properties such as strength, fracture toughness and weldability play a key role. In addition to these properties, carbon steels are also the most cost effective materials is several applications. Of particular interest is the API 5L X65 which is widely used in oil and gas exploration, production and transportation service.