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98064 MODELING THE FORMATION OF IRON SULFIDE SCALES USING THERMODYNAMIC SIMULATION SOFTWARE

Picture for 98064 MODELING THE FORMATION OF IRON
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Product Number: 51300-98064-SG
ISBN: 98064 1998 CP
Author: Andrzej Anderko, Patrick J. Shuler
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A program has been developed for generating stability diagrams that concisely represent the thermodynamic state of multicomponent, multiphase aqueous systems in wide ranges of temperature and component concentrations. The diagrams are based on a thermodynamic model that combines the Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers equation of state for standard-state properties with a solutions nonideality model based on the activity coefficient expressions developed by Bromley and Pitzer. The diagrams offer a flexible choice of independent variables, which include component concentrations in addition to the potential and pH. The stability diagrams are used to predict the conditions that favor the formation of stable and metastable iron sulfide species, which are commonly deposited under oil field-related conditions. First, the diagrams have been applied to establish a sequence of transformations that iron sulfides undergo as they age. The predicted transformation sequences take into account environmental variables (e.g., hydrogen sulfide concentration, oxygen availability, etc.). The predictions are in agreement with experimental data on iron sulfide formation at the iron/solution interface and in bulk solution. The understanding of iron sulfide transformation sequences makes it possible to simulate experimental studies of H2S/CO2 corrosion in the presence or absence of oxygen. A comparison with laboratory corrosion rate data under gas pipeline conditions indicates that the magnitude of corrosion rates can be correlated with the predicted stability of metastable iron sulfide phases. KEY WORDS: H2S corrosion, iron sulfides, thermodynamics, speciation, stability diagrams, software
A program has been developed for generating stability diagrams that concisely represent the thermodynamic state of multicomponent, multiphase aqueous systems in wide ranges of temperature and component concentrations. The diagrams are based on a thermodynamic model that combines the Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers equation of state for standard-state properties with a solutions nonideality model based on the activity coefficient expressions developed by Bromley and Pitzer. The diagrams offer a flexible choice of independent variables, which include component concentrations in addition to the potential and pH. The stability diagrams are used to predict the conditions that favor the formation of stable and metastable iron sulfide species, which are commonly deposited under oil field-related conditions. First, the diagrams have been applied to establish a sequence of transformations that iron sulfides undergo as they age. The predicted transformation sequences take into account environmental variables (e.g., hydrogen sulfide concentration, oxygen availability, etc.). The predictions are in agreement with experimental data on iron sulfide formation at the iron/solution interface and in bulk solution. The understanding of iron sulfide transformation sequences makes it possible to simulate experimental studies of H2S/CO2 corrosion in the presence or absence of oxygen. A comparison with laboratory corrosion rate data under gas pipeline conditions indicates that the magnitude of corrosion rates can be correlated with the predicted stability of metastable iron sulfide phases. KEY WORDS: H2S corrosion, iron sulfides, thermodynamics, speciation, stability diagrams, software
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