Nickel alloys and high alloyed stainless steels have proven their resistance to seawater in many marine,
offshore and oil and gas applications and have been recently considered for use in seawater cooled plate
type heat exchangers as an alternative to Titanium. To avoid biofouling the seawater is usually
chlorinated for example with hypochlorite, which is highly corrosive to many stainless steels and may
cause severe crevice and pitting corrosion.