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The hydrocarbon exploration in the ocean and deep sea was started as early as early as the 1850s, when the first drilling was carried out in California, USA. Other early oil explorations activities were later recorded in Pakistan (1886), Peru (1869), India (1890) and Dutch East Indies (1893). The development of an offshore industry is directly related to the development of subsea pipelines as well. As the industry expands towards deeper waters, the pipelines are required to have better materials, designs, operation practices and maintenance strategies to withstand the challenging environments. These pipelines are exposed to elevated temperatures, high pressures, and corrosive fluids.
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