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Inorganic scaling and fouling are undesirable processes occurring in process waters that are supersaturated with respect to scaling cations and anions. Mineral scaling is the result of nucleation and crystal growth phenomena that follow predictable pathways. This is because the mineral scales are composed of well-defined crystalline salts, the most common being calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate dehydrate (gypsum), metal sulfides, depending on the particular water chemistry and operational parameters (eg. temperature).
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