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Carbon steel exposed to aqueous CO2 environments can be conducive to the formation of naturally protective corrosion products, namely iron carbonate (FeCO3). Understanding how FeCO3 develops across a range of conditions is a critical step in enabling the optimization of corrosion products as a natural form of corrosion mitigation. To date, most studies investigating FeCO3 development focus on near-neutral pH solutions conducive to fast precipitation while test pressures are generally atmospheric to simplify in situ electrochemical measurements.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) saturated brines containing high levels of calcium are commonly encountered across the energy sector: from hydrocarbon recovery to the harvesting of geothermal energy and re-deposition of CO2 for permanent storage. These brines originate in deep underground reservoirs at elevated pressures and temperatures. Despite susceptibility to corrosive attack under these conditions, carbon steels are the preferred choice of pipeline materials for such processes, attributable to their low cost, availability and ease of manufacture.