Products tagged with 'high pressure testing'

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Effect of H2S Fugacity on Hydrogen Uptake in Carbon Steels for Upstream Applications

Product Number: 51324-20951-SG

Author: Gaurav R. Joshi; Christophe Mendibide; Jean Kittel

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The presence of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in upstream or refining fluids is known to encourage hydrogen-induced mechanical failures of carbon or low alloy steel. Historically, the solution pH and the gaseous partial pressure of H2S (PH2S, bar) are used to evaluate an aqueous environment’s severity during materials corrosion cracking qualification. However, in recent years, it is suggested that the H2S fugacity (fH2S, an effective H2S partial pressure in bar) and actual dissolved H2S concentration ([H2S]aq) be used, rather than the PH2S, to better account for the effect of total pressure on steel corrosion cracking performance. In this paper, results obtained in a Joint Industry Programme (JIP) focused on evaluating the effect of fH2S on the hydrogen permeation across upstream steels using hydrogen pressure probe sensors and electrochemical Devanathan-Stachurski permeation tests are presented. A positive correlation between H-permeation rate at steady-state and environment fH2S or [H2Saq] is measured for numerous carbon steel grades in acetate-buffered 5% NaCl solution at pH ~ 4 and PH2S (~1bar), tested at total pressure between 1 – 300 bar. Furthermore, hydrogen induced cracking of a susceptible carbon steel grade increases when evaluated as a function of increasing fH2S for the same PH2S/pH combination.

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Effects of Minor Alloying Elements on the Metal-Dusting Behavior of Ni-Based Alloys

Product Number: 51320-14657-SG

Author: Bingtao Li, Wei-Ting Chen, Brian Gleeson, Heike Hattendorf

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Alloys are often found to suffer much greater metal-dusting attack under high-pressure conditions compared to ambient-pressure conditions. Ultimately, the resistance of a given alloy to metal dusting depends on the formation of an oxide scale that is impermeable to carbon which, in turn, depends on scale composition and structure. This paper reports the metal-dusting behavior of several Ni-based alloys having relatively high Cr contents (about 30 wt.%) and different controlled minor levels of Fe, Al, and/or Si. Testing was conducted under 20 bar total pressure of a high-carbon-activity gas at 600 °C (1112 °F). The exposed alloys were analyzed by SEM and TEM techniques to evaluate the oxide scales and evidence of carbon ingress. It was found that aluminum is beneficial to improve metal dusting resistance by reacting to form a continuous inner layer of alumina; whereas iron is detrimental to resistance. Mechanistic aspects of the role(s) played by minor elements in affecting metal-dusting resistance are considered.

Products tagged with 'high pressure testing'

Effect of H2S Fugacity on Hydrogen Uptake in Carbon Steels for Upstream Applications

Effects of Minor Alloying Elements on the Metal-Dusting Behavior of Ni-Based Alloys

Association for Materials Protection and Performance