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Sample preparation is the fundamental step of any analytical procedure, which involves cleaning the sample matrix and transporting the target analytes to a more suitable matrix for instrumental analyses. This is a very critical step because it leads to achieving a better detection limits as compared of not having this step.
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Left unprotected, metals corrode quickly which over time contributes to the loss of structural integrity and the failure of buildings, bridges, oil & gas platforms, airplanes, cars and many other metal assets, all of which pose a risk to human safety and the surrounding environment. In 2016, the National Association for Corrosion Engineers (NACE) – now known as AMPP – published a landmark study, well-known to those attending this conference, that estimated the direct cost of corrosion to the world economy as $2.5T per year, equivalent to 3.4% of the Gross World Product (1). In the United States, the annual cost of corrosion is estimated at 3.1% of gross domestic product (2), equivalent to $635B (2018). When including indirect costs, such as asset downtime, ship dry-docking and the impact of bridge collapses, the cost of corrosion is estimated at twice that amount.
DOWNLOADABLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. This NACE standard (material requirements) is one step in a series of committee studies, reports, symposia, and standards that have been sponsored by Group Committee T-1 (Corrosion Control in Petroleum Production) relating to the general problem of sulfide stress cracking (SSC) of metals. Much of this work has been directed toward the oil and gas production industry. Many of the guidelines and specific requirements in this standard are based on field experience with the materials listed, as used in specific components, and may be applicable to other components and equipment in the oil production industry or to other industries. Users of this standard must be cautious in extrapolating the content of this standard for use beyond its scope.
Time-tested and proven methods to control corrosion of oil and gas industry infrastructures (pipelines, facilities, and refineries) include the use of appropriate materials, protective coatings, cathodic protection (CP), and corrosion inhibitors.
Criteria for evaluation, qualification, and selection of materials, coatings and application of CP arequantitative and are typically followed rigorously (Table 1). Standards on these quantitative criteria are established, and in many cases have been adopted by regulatory authorities.